Nutrition in Combat Sports

More documents

Recommendations

Info

90 P. McCrory et al. 6.2 Injury Rates from Boxing-Specific Studies To date, only eight studies of boxing have provided estimates of the rates of injury within this sport (see Table 6.1 ). [1–8] Despite different methodologies, for professional boxers an overall injury rate of approximately 21–42 injuries per 100 boxers exists, and around one quarter of all fights lead to an injury being sustained. For amateur and military boxing, the injury incidence rate appears to be lower, at approximately 14 injuries per 100 boxers, with another study reporting that almost every amateur will have at least one injury per year. The majority of boxing injuries were to the head and neck regions (27.1–93.4% of total injuries). With the head and neck being the most commonly injured body regions, it is not surprising that intracranial injury (generally concussion) was the most commonly reported injury type within these studies (8.4–69.7% of total injuries). Reported injury rates and types from training and sparring times, however, are less commonly reported, and should be a priority in future research. [8 ] 6.3 Injury Rates from Martial Arts-Specific Studies What we know about injury rates among martial arts participants arises primarily from studies of tournament or competition injuries. Some reports from tournaments and competitions were at recreational level; however, most were at national level. The overall injury rates vary depending upon the discipline, with judo reporting 39–104 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (13–24 injuries per 100 athletes); karate reporting 50–133 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (34–38 injuries per 100 athletes); and taekwondo reporting 34–108 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (6–20 injuries per 100 athletes). In almost all studies, the rate of injuries to female participants was higher than that for males. [9–12] The risk of injury in pediatric martial arts has also recently been reviewed, and will not be discussed further here. [12 ] In combat sports, concussion accounts for approximately 25% of all injuries at competition level, and male participants sustained approximately three times as many concussions as female participants. [9–12] 6.4 Mechanisms of Neurological Injury The damage that occurs to the head as a result of a blow in boxing is directly proportional to the magnitude and direction of the impact. [13] That is, the force of the impact is dependent upon the velocity of the fist or foot, the mass of the colliding bodies involved, and the mechanical properties of the colliding bodies. [13] In boxing, head injuries occur due to fist-head contact. In martial arts, contact to the head can be made by a number of striking surfaces (fist, palm, fingers, elbow, knee, foot, etc).
6 Acute and Chronic Brain Injury in Combat Sports 91 Table 6.1 Injury rate comparisons in the published boxing literature (Adapted from 83) Number of injuries Injury rates Comments/limitations Study design/ data collection methods Study population Study period Exposure 294 14.0 per 100 boxers or 11.6 per 1,000 h 2 Years 25,305 boxing (1983–1985) hours Study Amateur Welch et al (1986) 2 Only included moderate injuries. Injury rate increased by a factor of 5 during competition Does not include injuries incurred in bouts that were stopped because of KO or blows to the head 85 77.7 per 1,000 participations 547 Bouts (1,094 personal exposures) 2 Tournaments – both lasting 5 days (1981– 1982) 2,100 cadets at the US Military Academy, West Point, USA Active amateur boxers competing in the 1981 and 1982 USA national championships Active amateur boxers from clubs in Dublin, Prospective monitoring of acute injuries Prospective monitoring of acute injuries Estwanik et al (1989) 4 Case series review & crosssectional study Porter & O’Brien (1996) 5 Ireland Small numbers of boxers and injuries within study period 1. 5 months 4,170 man- 1. 64 0.92 per man- (1992–1993) minutes of 2. 29 hour of com- 2. 4 months (dates active boxing petition not given) in 281 partial or complete bouts 1 Year 7,772 Boxing 8 0.5 per 1,000 hours h training 1,221.4 per 1,000 h competition 33 Active professionals in Victoria, Australia Prospective monitoring of acute injuries Zazryn et al (2006) 25.0 per 100 fights (2004–2005)
Page 2 and 3:
Combat Sports Medicine
Page 4 and 5:
Editors Ramin Kordi, MD, MSc (Sport
Page 6 and 7:
vi Preface pre-participation physic
Page 8 and 9:
viii Contents 11 Professional Athle
Page 10 and 11:
2 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox The scien
Page 12 and 13:
4 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox with tech
Page 14 and 15:
6 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Table 1.3
Page 16 and 17:
8 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox afterward
Page 18 and 19:
10 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Accordin
Page 20 and 21:
12 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox where ra
Page 22 and 23:
14 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox losses t
Page 24 and 25:
16 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox circumst
Page 26 and 27:
18 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Despite
Page 28 and 29:
20 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox 31 . Arm
Page 30 and 31:
22 C.A. Horswill Table 2.1 Current
Page 32 and 33:
24 C.A. Horswill 2.2.3 Martial Arts
Page 34 and 35:
26 C.A. Horswill After the wrestler
Page 36 and 37:
28 C.A. Horswill 56 55 54 53 52 51
Page 38 and 39:
30 C.A. Horswill to simulate combat
Page 40 and 41:
32 C.A. Horswill growth data (NHANE
Page 42 and 43:
34 C.A. Horswill Strategies of rapi
Page 44 and 45:
36 C.A. Horswill References 1. Stee
Page 46 and 47: 38 C.A. Horswill 49. Wroble RR , Mo
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 3 Sport Psychology in Comba
Page 50 and 51: 3 Sport Psychology in Combat Sports
Page 62 and 63: 56 F. Halabchi substances). Many ot
Page 64 and 65: 58 F. Halabchi the existing evidenc
Page 66 and 67: 60 F. Halabchi Table 4.1 (continued
Page 68 and 69: 62 F. Halabchi offered no further a
Page 70 and 71: 64 F. Halabchi 4.6.1 Amphetamine Am
Page 72 and 73: 66 F. Halabchi retention, myopathie
Page 74 and 75: 68 F. Halabchi Positive Finding rep
Page 76 and 77: 70 F. Halabchi There are still appr
Page 78 and 79: 72 F. Halabchi 37. Kadi F , Bonneru
Page 80 and 81: 74 J. Gauthier their art in an effo
Page 82 and 83: 76 J. Gauthier sports. To the spect
Page 84 and 85: 78 J. Gauthier worth investigating
Page 86 and 87: 80 J. Gauthier matches, which are p
Page 88 and 89: 82 J. Gauthier 5.4.5 Enjoyable Aest
Page 90 and 91: 84 J. Gauthier this overall relatio
Page 92 and 93: 86 J. Gauthier force the sport unde
Page 94 and 95: 88 J. Gauthier 23 . Felson RB . Mas
Page 98 and 99: 92 P. McCrory et al. Table 6.1 (con
Page 100 and 101: 94 P. McCrory et al. The symptoms,
Page 102 and 103: 96 P. McCrory et al. In professiona
Page 104 and 105: 98 P. McCrory et al. neuropsycholog
Page 106 and 107: 100 P. McCrory et al. Neuropsycholo
Page 108 and 109: 102 P. McCrory et al. Table 6.3 Sum
Page 110 and 111: 104 P. McCrory et al. Web sites www
Page 112 and 113: 106 P. McCrory et al. 51 . Stewart
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 7 Blood-Borne Infections in
Page 116 and 117: 7 Blood-Borne Infections in Combat
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 8 Skin Infections in Combat
Page 128 and 129: 8 Skin Infections in Combat Sports
Page 140 and 141: 136 C.B. Pasque 9.2 ACL Injuries in
Page 142 and 143: 138 C.B. Pasque surgery may also be
Page 144 and 145: 140 C.B. Pasque maximal exercise le
Page 146 and 147:
142 C.B. Pasque Studies reporting s
Page 148 and 149:
144 C.B. Pasque extremity trauma. U
Page 150 and 151:
146 C.B. Pasque 6 . Griffin LY , Al
Page 152 and 153:
148 C.B. Pasque 56 . Birrer RB , Bi
Page 154 and 155:
Chapter 10 Children in Combat Sport
Page 156 and 157:
10 Children in Combat Sports 153 ce
Page 158 and 159:
10 Children in Combat Sports 155 ma
Page 160 and 161:
10 Children in Combat Sports 157 Ta
Page 162 and 163:
10 Children in Combat Sports 159 If
Page 164 and 165:
10 Children in Combat Sports 161 Ma
Page 166 and 167:
10 Children in Combat Sports 163 sh
Page 168 and 169:
10 Children in Combat Sports 165 Ta
Page 170 and 171:
10 Children in Combat Sports 167 Fi
Page 172 and 173:
10 Children in Combat Sports 169 of
Page 174 and 175:
10 Children in Combat Sports 171 28
Page 176 and 177:
Chapter 11 Professional Athlete Mar
Page 178 and 179:
11 Professional Athlete 175 11.2 We
Page 180 and 181:
11 Professional Athlete 177 Table 1
Page 182 and 183:
11 Professional Athlete 179 If the
Page 184 and 185:
11 Professional Athlete 181 There a
Page 186 and 187:
11 Professional Athlete 183 complai
Page 188 and 189:
11 Professional Athlete 185 could w
Page 190 and 191:
11 Professional Athlete 187 4. Reti
Page 192 and 193:
11 Professional Athlete 189 occur m
Page 194 and 195:
11 Professional Athlete 191 Table 1
Page 196 and 197:
Chapter 12 Boxing Peter Jako Learni
Page 198 and 199:
12 Boxing 195 In 1994, the Medical
Page 200 and 201:
12 Boxing 197 capacity of a boxer h
Page 202 and 203:
12 Boxing 199 12.9 Developing Stren
Page 204 and 205:
12 Boxing 201 Fig. 12.2 Rupture of
Page 206 and 207:
12 Boxing 203 Second impact syndrom
Page 208 and 209:
12 Boxing 205 Table 12.5 Neurocogni
Page 210 and 211:
12 Boxing 207 ear-nose-throat speci
Page 212 and 213:
12 Boxing 209 Fig. 12.4 An anteropo
Page 214 and 215:
12 Boxing 211 Return to boxing afte
Page 216 and 217:
12 Boxing 213 7. Medical Handbook o
Page 218 and 219:
216 R.R. Wroble allows holds only a
Page 220 and 221:
218 R.R. Wroble joint through a ran
Page 222 and 223:
220 R.R. Wroble sprains/strains is
Page 224 and 225:
222 R.R. Wroble must be stopped. Ti
Page 226 and 227:
224 R.R. Wroble 38.7% of wrestlers
Page 228 and 229:
226 R.R. Wroble whom were wrestlers
Page 230 and 231:
228 R.R. Wroble injuries over an 8-
Page 232 and 233:
230 R.R. Wroble The most common sol
Page 234 and 235:
232 R.R. Wroble 13.4.6 Meniscus Inj
Page 236 and 237:
234 R.R. Wroble 13.5.2 Catastrophic
Page 238 and 239:
236 R.R. Wroble 13.6.1 Physical Cha
Page 240 and 241:
238 R.R. Wroble contact. Contact wi
Page 242 and 243:
240 R.R. Wroble Preventive measure
Page 244 and 245:
242 R.R. Wroble and competitions, a
Page 246 and 247:
244 R.R. Wroble Mysnyk MC , Albrigh
Page 248 and 249:
Chapter 14 Judo Craig White and Pip
Page 250 and 251:
14 Judo 249 indicates increasing ma
Page 252 and 253:
14 Judo 251 3. What are the muscle
Page 254 and 255:
14 Judo 253 anterior band being put
Page 256 and 257:
14 Judo 255 only occur at 2-3 month
Page 258 and 259:
14 Judo 257 - Break grips made by t
Page 260 and 261:
14 Judo 259 Advanced levels of knee
Page 262 and 263:
14 Judo 261 As sports doctors and p
Page 264 and 265:
Chapter 15 Taekwondo Willy Pieter L
Page 266 and 267:
15 Taekwondo 265 15.2 Performance C
Page 268 and 269:
15 Taekwondo 267 Boey and Xie [39]
Page 270 and 271:
15 Taekwondo 269 15.4 Taekwondo Inj
Page 272 and 273:
15 Taekwondo 271 study, there are n
Page 274 and 275:
15 Taekwondo 273 15.4.3 Injury Type
Page 276 and 277:
15 Taekwondo 275 Table 15.5 Distrib
Page 278 and 279:
15 Taekwondo 277 Table 15.7 Percent
Page 280 and 281:
15 Taekwondo 279 Tsai et al. [99] a
Page 282 and 283:
15 Taekwondo 281 Moon [105] reveale
Page 284 and 285:
15 Taekwondo 283 25. Pieter W , Taa
Page 286 and 287:
15 Taekwondo 285 71. Koh JO , de Fr
Page 288 and 289:
Chapter 16 Karate Rafael Arriaza Le
Page 290 and 291:
16 Karate 289 In 1993, WUKO changed
Page 292 and 293:
16 Karate 291 of kicking and sweepi
Page 294 and 295:
16 Karate 293 RC / ppm RC / ppm 250
Page 296 and 297:
16 Karate 295 Table 16.1 Injury cla
Page 298 and 299:
16 Karate 297 5. Nunan D. Developme
Page 300 and 301:
300 S.F. Martinez Table 17.1 Tradit
Page 302 and 303:
302 S.F. Martinez 17.4 Internal “
Page 304 and 305:
304 S.F. Martinez and defensive man
Page 306 and 307:
306 S.F. Martinez 17.6 Sanshou Sans
Page 308 and 309:
308 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.3 Contemp
Page 310 and 311:
310 S.F. Martinez event, a review o
Page 312 and 313:
312 S.F. Martinez 17.8.5 Cervical S
Page 314 and 315:
314 S.F. Martinez 17.9 Lacerations
Page 316 and 317:
316 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.6 MRI sho
Page 318 and 319:
318 S.F. Martinez Initial treatment
Page 320 and 321:
320 S.F. Martinez complete meniscec
Page 322 and 323:
Chapter 18 Mixed Martial Arts Grego
Page 324 and 325:
18 Mixed Martial Arts 325 it demons
Page 326 and 327:
18 Mixed Martial Arts 327 fighters
Page 328 and 329:
18 Mixed Martial Arts 329 Although
Page 330 and 331:
Chapter 19 Kickboxing George J. Bus
Page 332 and 333:
19 Kickboxing 333 the style became
Page 334 and 335:
19 Kickboxing 335 Photo courtesy of
Page 336 and 337:
19 Kickboxing 337 of elite amateur
Page 338 and 339:
19 Kickboxing 339 trates the means
Page 340 and 341:
19 Kickboxing 341 contrast to Gartl
Page 342 and 343:
19 Kickboxing 343 training (e.g., s
Page 344 and 345:
19 Kickboxing 345 Macan et al. disc
Page 346 and 347:
19 Kickboxing 347 Considering the m
Page 348 and 349:
19 Kickboxing 349 17 . Plisk SS . S
Page 350 and 351:
Index A ACL. See Anterior cruciate
Page 352 and 353:
Index 353 Corneal abrasion, 186 Cot
Page 354 and 355:
Index 355 injuries classification s
Page 356 and 357:
Index 357 S Saengsirisuwan, V., 341
Page 358:
Index 359 forearm, wrist, hand, and
show all

Nutrition in Combat Sports

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?