Nutrition in Combat Sports

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92 P. McCrory et al. Table 6.1 (continued) Number of injuries Injury rates Comments/limitations Study design/ data collection methods Study population Study period Exposure Study No deaths recorded, no boxers revealed punch-drunk syndrome signs 7 Years Not reported 2,351 21.0 per 100 boxers 11,173 Professional boxers licensed in New York State, USA 906 Professional boxers licenced in New York, USA Active professional boxers in Victoria, Australia Active professional boxers in Nevada, USA 14 active professionals in Victoria, Australia Medical record review Professional McCown (1959) 1 Only acute injuries 376 41.5 per 100 boxers 1.2 per 10 rounds fought 107 250.6 per 1,000 fight participations 2 Years 3,110 Rounds fought Medical record review Jordan & Campbell (1988) 3 1 Death recorded in study period Data on the number of boxers over the study period was unavailable (1982–1984) 16 Years 427 Boxing fight (1985–2001) participations Medical record review Zazryn et al (2003) 6 Limited data on injury types provided 195 186.1 per 1,000 fights 0.4 per 10 rounds 13 1.7 per 1,000 h training 1,081.1 per 1,000 h competition 33.3 per 100 fights 524 Bouts (5,254 rounds) 1.5 Years (2001– 2003) Medical record review Bledsoe et al (2005) Small numbers of boxers and injuries in the study period 2,949 Boxing hours 1 Year (2004–2005) Prospective monitoring of acute injuries Zazryn et al (2006)
6 Acute and Chronic Brain Injury in Combat Sports 93 In taekwondo, video analysis studies demonstrate that roundhouse kicks to the head were the most frequent cause of acute concussive injury in tournaments. [9, 10] 6.4.1 Effect of Glove Weight on Boxing-Related Neurological Injury The weight of the gloves in boxing can range from 6 to 16 oz (or approximately 171–456 kg). In professional competition, boxers are required to use 8 oz gloves (228 g). These 228 g gloves consist of 114 g of leather and 114 g padding, and similar ratios of leather to padding occur for the different sizes of gloves. The only scientific method of assessing the effect of glove weight on the impact forces of a blow is through formal biomechanical analysis and only limited studies have been published in this regard. One study measured acceleration using boxing gloves of different weights on a swinging pendulum which represented the striking fist, hitting another pendulum that represented an unrestrained head. The velocity of the 6 oz gloves was found to be approximately 2.7 times greater than that of the 16 oz glove. [13 ] It was also found that the higher accelerations were present in the last blow of a series of three or four blows. [13] This indicated to the authors that as the elastic material of the glove “fatigued” or “faded,” or if a lighter glove was used, a greater acceleration could be achieved and potentially more severe impact forces delivered to an opponent. [13] The impact of this effect during a fight is however yet to be determined, but would provide some evidence for standardizing glove weight and material throughout the world. 6.4.2 Effect of Punch Force on Neurological Injury The force of the punch will also have an effect on the outcome of neurological injury. While difficult to assess during a boxing bout, a number of laboratory-based tests to determine the potential force of punches in boxing and karate have been completed. [14–17] In general, higher skilled and higher weight-class boxers produce greater punch force in this setting. 6.5 Head Injuries in Combat Sports There are three categories of head injuries that can occur to athletes: Non-neurological head injury Acute neurological injury (ANI) Chronic neurological injury (CNI)
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Combat Sports Medicine
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Editors Ramin Kordi, MD, MSc (Sport
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vi Preface pre-participation physic
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viii Contents 11 Professional Athle
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2 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox The scien
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4 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox with tech
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6 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Table 1.3
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8 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox afterward
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10 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Accordin
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12 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox where ra
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14 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox losses t
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16 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox circumst
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18 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Despite
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20 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox 31 . Arm
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22 C.A. Horswill Table 2.1 Current
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24 C.A. Horswill 2.2.3 Martial Arts
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26 C.A. Horswill After the wrestler
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28 C.A. Horswill 56 55 54 53 52 51
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30 C.A. Horswill to simulate combat
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32 C.A. Horswill growth data (NHANE
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34 C.A. Horswill Strategies of rapi
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36 C.A. Horswill References 1. Stee
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38 C.A. Horswill 49. Wroble RR , Mo
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 3 Sport Psychology in Comba
Page 50 and 51: 3 Sport Psychology in Combat Sports
Page 62 and 63: 56 F. Halabchi substances). Many ot
Page 64 and 65: 58 F. Halabchi the existing evidenc
Page 66 and 67: 60 F. Halabchi Table 4.1 (continued
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Page 70 and 71: 64 F. Halabchi 4.6.1 Amphetamine Am
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Page 76 and 77: 70 F. Halabchi There are still appr
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Page 80 and 81: 74 J. Gauthier their art in an effo
Page 82 and 83: 76 J. Gauthier sports. To the spect
Page 84 and 85: 78 J. Gauthier worth investigating
Page 86 and 87: 80 J. Gauthier matches, which are p
Page 88 and 89: 82 J. Gauthier 5.4.5 Enjoyable Aest
Page 90 and 91: 84 J. Gauthier this overall relatio
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Page 94 and 95: 88 J. Gauthier 23 . Felson RB . Mas
Page 96 and 97: 90 P. McCrory et al. 6.2 Injury Rat
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Page 110 and 111: 104 P. McCrory et al. Web sites www
Page 112 and 113: 106 P. McCrory et al. 51 . Stewart
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 7 Blood-Borne Infections in
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Page 126 and 127: Chapter 8 Skin Infections in Combat
Page 128 and 129: 8 Skin Infections in Combat Sports
Page 140 and 141: 136 C.B. Pasque 9.2 ACL Injuries in
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Page 144 and 145: 140 C.B. Pasque maximal exercise le
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144 C.B. Pasque extremity trauma. U
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146 C.B. Pasque 6 . Griffin LY , Al
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148 C.B. Pasque 56 . Birrer RB , Bi
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Chapter 10 Children in Combat Sport
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10 Children in Combat Sports 153 ce
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10 Children in Combat Sports 155 ma
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10 Children in Combat Sports 157 Ta
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10 Children in Combat Sports 159 If
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10 Children in Combat Sports 161 Ma
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10 Children in Combat Sports 163 sh
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10 Children in Combat Sports 165 Ta
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10 Children in Combat Sports 167 Fi
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10 Children in Combat Sports 169 of
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10 Children in Combat Sports 171 28
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Chapter 11 Professional Athlete Mar
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11 Professional Athlete 175 11.2 We
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11 Professional Athlete 177 Table 1
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11 Professional Athlete 179 If the
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11 Professional Athlete 181 There a
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11 Professional Athlete 183 complai
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11 Professional Athlete 185 could w
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11 Professional Athlete 187 4. Reti
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11 Professional Athlete 189 occur m
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11 Professional Athlete 191 Table 1
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Chapter 12 Boxing Peter Jako Learni
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12 Boxing 195 In 1994, the Medical
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12 Boxing 197 capacity of a boxer h
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12 Boxing 199 12.9 Developing Stren
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12 Boxing 201 Fig. 12.2 Rupture of
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12 Boxing 203 Second impact syndrom
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12 Boxing 205 Table 12.5 Neurocogni
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12 Boxing 207 ear-nose-throat speci
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12 Boxing 209 Fig. 12.4 An anteropo
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12 Boxing 211 Return to boxing afte
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12 Boxing 213 7. Medical Handbook o
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216 R.R. Wroble allows holds only a
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218 R.R. Wroble joint through a ran
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220 R.R. Wroble sprains/strains is
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222 R.R. Wroble must be stopped. Ti
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224 R.R. Wroble 38.7% of wrestlers
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226 R.R. Wroble whom were wrestlers
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228 R.R. Wroble injuries over an 8-
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230 R.R. Wroble The most common sol
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232 R.R. Wroble 13.4.6 Meniscus Inj
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234 R.R. Wroble 13.5.2 Catastrophic
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236 R.R. Wroble 13.6.1 Physical Cha
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238 R.R. Wroble contact. Contact wi
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240 R.R. Wroble Preventive measure
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242 R.R. Wroble and competitions, a
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244 R.R. Wroble Mysnyk MC , Albrigh
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Chapter 14 Judo Craig White and Pip
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14 Judo 249 indicates increasing ma
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14 Judo 251 3. What are the muscle
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14 Judo 253 anterior band being put
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14 Judo 255 only occur at 2-3 month
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14 Judo 257 - Break grips made by t
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14 Judo 259 Advanced levels of knee
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14 Judo 261 As sports doctors and p
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Chapter 15 Taekwondo Willy Pieter L
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15 Taekwondo 265 15.2 Performance C
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15 Taekwondo 267 Boey and Xie [39]
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15 Taekwondo 269 15.4 Taekwondo Inj
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15 Taekwondo 271 study, there are n
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15 Taekwondo 273 15.4.3 Injury Type
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15 Taekwondo 275 Table 15.5 Distrib
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15 Taekwondo 277 Table 15.7 Percent
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15 Taekwondo 279 Tsai et al. [99] a
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15 Taekwondo 281 Moon [105] reveale
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15 Taekwondo 283 25. Pieter W , Taa
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15 Taekwondo 285 71. Koh JO , de Fr
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Chapter 16 Karate Rafael Arriaza Le
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16 Karate 289 In 1993, WUKO changed
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16 Karate 291 of kicking and sweepi
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16 Karate 293 RC / ppm RC / ppm 250
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16 Karate 295 Table 16.1 Injury cla
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16 Karate 297 5. Nunan D. Developme
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300 S.F. Martinez Table 17.1 Tradit
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302 S.F. Martinez 17.4 Internal “
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304 S.F. Martinez and defensive man
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306 S.F. Martinez 17.6 Sanshou Sans
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308 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.3 Contemp
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310 S.F. Martinez event, a review o
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312 S.F. Martinez 17.8.5 Cervical S
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314 S.F. Martinez 17.9 Lacerations
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316 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.6 MRI sho
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318 S.F. Martinez Initial treatment
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320 S.F. Martinez complete meniscec
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Chapter 18 Mixed Martial Arts Grego
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 325 it demons
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 327 fighters
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 329 Although
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Chapter 19 Kickboxing George J. Bus
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19 Kickboxing 333 the style became
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19 Kickboxing 335 Photo courtesy of
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19 Kickboxing 337 of elite amateur
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19 Kickboxing 339 trates the means
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19 Kickboxing 341 contrast to Gartl
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19 Kickboxing 343 training (e.g., s
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19 Kickboxing 345 Macan et al. disc
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19 Kickboxing 347 Considering the m
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19 Kickboxing 349 17 . Plisk SS . S
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Index A ACL. See Anterior cruciate
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Index 353 Corneal abrasion, 186 Cot
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Index 355 injuries classification s
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Index 357 S Saengsirisuwan, V., 341
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Index 359 forearm, wrist, hand, and
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Nutrition in Combat Sports

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