R.J. Godlewski's The Independent Counterterrorist. I, Militia. June ...

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Typically, the supply for drugs in today’s wars falls into at least one of four categories: traditional, transshipped, looted, and manufactured. These categories are not mutually exclusive to a single conflict since combatants often find access to drugs from a number of differing sources. Traditional drugs are those that are part of the long-standing cultural practices of the societies of which a warring group is a part and are naturally produced in the territories where conflicts are taking place. For example, the drug khat is part of the social landscape of east African societies, and its use is incorporated by combatants in Somalia and Sudan. Traditional drugs can also be ceremonial by linking the fighter to the traditions of the past and connecting fighters to the mystical. Such connections are seen as ways to fight honorably or to become impervious to injury and death in combat. This has been commonplace in Liberia’s civil wars when fighters fortified by marijuana and palm wine donned dresses and wigs, believing that bullets would be confused and misidentify their true targets. Other drugs which are consumed are those that are available due to the presence of a transit route through the territory where a conflict is occurring. Once again, globalization has been a significant factor since it has made a variety of drugs available to new markets where there are both conflicts and valuable transshipment points. Coca, for example, is not grown in Africa, yet cocaine is routinely used by combatants who are “paid” with it by traffickers. Such bartering for securing routes is not uncommon; Revolutionary United Front (RUF) fighters in Sierra Leone regularly consumed crack cocaine and “brown-brown” (heroin) that were transshipped through their territories. 20 Drugs can also be attained by looting them from pharmacies, clinics, and hospitals. These are prescription drugs manufactured by pharmaceutical companies 9
for ailments unrelated to combat. Nonetheless, they can alter the consciousness of a fighter for combat (and carnival) related purposes. Drugs looted from pharmacies were used as rewards and motivators for those Hutus who committed atrocities against Tutsis during the Rwanda genocide in 1994. 21 In Iraq, numerous pharmaceutical drugs like Captagon (stimulant), Benzhexol (relaxant), Benzodizeapines (a stimulant when abused), and Valium looted from clinics, pharmacies, and hospitals in the immediate aftermath of the fall of Baghdad have been abused. 22 Manufactured drugs refers to pharmaceuticals prescribed by physicians to treat legitimate disorders and “home manufactured” drugs like amphetaminetype stimulants (ATS), methamphetamine in particular. In Iraq, evidence of methamphetamine production and use has been found in insurgent hideouts. Numerous returning military field commanders have substantiated claims of drugged insurgent fighters from Zarqawi’s group; hideouts used by Zarqawi’s fighters were frequently found littered with drug paraphernalia like pipes and needles. 23 A Marine in Ramadi reported that random autopsies of insurgents discovered high levels of narcotics use. 24 TYPES OF DRUGS USED IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS When the ways supplies of drugs are made available are placed together with the reasons they are in demand, the specific drugs that are consumed by combatants can be identified (see Table 2). 25 The drugs that are used by members of a single combatant group can fall in a number of these categories since fighters will often combine various drugs. For example, in 10
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Page 12 and 13: FOREWORD The presence of drugged fi
Page 14 and 15: SUMMARY The complexity of many ongo
Page 16: Additional institutional measures s
Page 19 and 20: that those who became addicted were
Page 21 and 22: to constrain it. Taking mind alteri
Page 23 and 24: DRUG DEMAND AMONG COMBATANTS Drugs
Page 25: equipped troops also causes the sam
Page 29 and 30: Conflict Supply/Demand Type(s) of D
Page 31 and 32: that many fighters do not act in a
Page 33 and 34: Giving drugs to individuals coincid
Page 35 and 36: in war occurs for a variety of reas
Page 37 and 38: in the conflict will have to prepar
Page 39 and 40: use. A type of drug quagmire can de
Page 41 and 42: “There’s guys who have to have
Page 43 and 44: with eccentric nicknames reflecting
Page 45 and 46: law enforcement institutions like E
Page 47 and 48: parameters of any possible peace ac
Page 49 and 50: Unlike the Vietnam era, the U.S. mi
Page 51 and 52: tions of professional military educ
Page 53 and 54: British routinely sought to destroy
Page 55 and 56: 22. Addressing Organized Crime and
Page 57 and 58: 44. Little study has been done on t
Page 59 and 60: 68. See, for example, Richard Rawso
Page 61 and 62: MEXICO'S NARCO-INSURGENCY AND U.S.
Page 63 and 64: FOREWORD Since 2006, Mexico has rap
Page 65 and 66: SUMMARY On June 30, 2008, President
Page 67 and 68: MEXICO’S NARCO-INSURGENCY AND U.S
Page 69: major foreign traffickers, with dom
Page 74 and 75: taken to recruiting former military
Page 76 and 77:
Another calling card of these group
Page 78 and 79:
implications of the narcotics-fuele
Page 80 and 81:
part of the country. Felipe Caldero
Page 82 and 83:
public servants—whether local cop
Page 84 and 85:
Coahuila in 2006. 71 These practice
Page 86 and 87:
of opportunity, and feelings of hop
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oll back the violence that has roil
Page 90 and 91:
extended throughout Latin America.
Page 92 and 93:
to place greater stress on promotin
Page 94 and 95:
poor farmers and thus undercut the
Page 96 and 97:
National Drug Intelligence Center a
Page 98 and 99:
complain of having signed coca erad
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it needed to attack them,” report
Page 102 and 103:
honest, professional manner. The Me
Page 104 and 105:
In congressional hearings on the Me
Page 106 and 107:
unresolved. Similarly, while interd
Page 108 and 109:
ut improving and expanding U.S. eng
Page 110 and 111:
addict rehabilitation—can have a
Page 112 and 113:
have long nourished the drug trade
Page 114 and 115:
Beltrans Join the Golf Cartel and Z
Page 116 and 117:
in 2007. “Homicidio de presunto z
Page 118 and 119:
49. U.S. Immigration and Customs En
Page 120 and 121:
71. Sarah Miller Llana, “Military
Page 122 and 123:
for Mexico and Central America, Was
Page 124 and 125:
106. Gabriel Marcella, The United S
Page 126 and 127:
123. “Visit to Cucuta, on Colombi
Page 128 and 129:
FROM THE NEW MIDDLE AGES TO A NEW D
Page 130:
***** The Strategic Studies Institu
Page 133 and 134:
and restoring order, and remains ov
Page 136 and 137:
SUMMARY Security and stability in t
Page 138 and 139:
disengagement at the other. The fir
Page 140 and 141:
FROM THE NEW MIDDLE AGES TO A NEW D
Page 142 and 143:
Observers who see the dominance of
Page 144 and 145:
government has dominated U.S. plann
Page 146 and 147:
ecome regarded as a global “space
Page 148 and 149:
countries at the bottom that are fa
Page 150 and 151:
The medieval order was a highly fle
Page 152 and 153:
skewed in the direction of the ethn
Page 154 and 155:
group, religion, or sect—has crea
Page 156 and 157:
control of drug trafficking routes
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to illicit activities is a natural
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ability of the various nonstate act
Page 162 and 163:
ted urban spaces that are no longer
Page 164 and 165:
Although it might appear contrived
Page 166 and 167:
where the riots discussed above wer
Page 168 and 169:
spite of such measures as the Conta
Page 170 and 171:
ecome increasingly apparent, while
Page 172 and 173:
analyzed within the context of the
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a nuclear weapons state. Conditions
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demands are likely to “encounter
Page 178 and 179:
spreading. To some extent, these co
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V. GLOBAL INSTABILITY AND U.S. STRA
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indivisible. From this perspective,
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of loyalty to the mission, and focu
Page 186 and 187:
assumption that although these tren
Page 188 and 189:
order discussed above. Yet this mig
Page 190 and 191:
15. Ibid. 16. John Rapley, “The N
Page 192 and 193:
Crime, New York: Simon and Schuster
Page 194 and 195:
2007, posted by and available at ww
Page 196:
93. Ibid., p. 7. 94. Ibid., p. 34.
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