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76 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Slovak Statistical Office. 2005. Labour Force Survey. Bratislava. Subramanian, Uma, and William Anderson. 2005. “Are We There Yet? The Impact of Logistics Time on Trade.” World Bank, Investment Climate Department, Washington, D.C. Svensson, Jakob. 2003. “Who Must Pay Bribes and How Much? Evidence from a Cross-Section of Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (1): 207–30. Tan Chee-Wee, Pan Shan-Ling, and Eric T. K. Lim. 2005. “Towards the Restoration of Public Trust in Electronic Governments: A Case Study of the E-Filing System in Singapore.” In Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. http://csdl2.computer.org/ comp/proceedings/hicss/2005/2268/05/22680126c.pdf. Tanzi, Vito, and Howell Zee. 2000. “Tax Policy for Emerging Markets: Developing Countries.” IMF Working Paper WP/00/35. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2004. Handbook of Statistics 2004. Geneva. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2004. Human Development Report 2004. New York: Oxford University Press. Velchev, Milen. 2005.“On the Occasion of Signing a New Contract with Crown Agents.” Bulgaria, Ministry of Finance, Press Office, Sofia. World Bank. 1991. Lessons of Tax Reform. Washington, D.C. ———. 2003. Doing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation. Washington, D.C. ———. 2004a. Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth. Washington, D.C. ———. 2004b. Improving Enterprise Performance and Growth in Tanzania. Washington, D.C. ———. 2005a. “Aide Memoire: Judicial Reform Project in Armenia.” Europe and Central Asia Region, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, Washington, D.C. ———. 2005b. Old Age Income Support in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C. ———. 2005c. “Poland: Legal Barriers to Contract Enforcement.” Private Sector Development Vice Presidency, Foreign Investment Advisory Service, Washington, D.C. ———. 2005d. World Development Indicators 2005. Washington, D.C. WEF (World Economic Forum). 2004. Global Competitiveness Report 2004/2005. Geneva.
77 Data notes Economy characteristics Starting a business Dealing with licenses Hiring and firing workers Registering property Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Closing a business The indicators presented and analyzed in Doing Business measure government regulation and the protection of property rights—and their effect on businesses, especially small and medium-size domestic firms. First, the indicators document the degree of regulation, such as the number of procedures to start a business or register commercial property. Second, they gauge regulatory outcomes, such as the time and cost to enforce a contract, go through bankruptcy or trade across borders. Third, they measure the extent of legal protections of property, for example, the protections of investors against looting by the company directors or the scope of assets that can be used as collateral according to secured transactions laws. Fourth, they measure the flexibility of employment regulation. Finally, a new set of indicators documents the tax burden on businesses. The data for all sets of indicators in Doing Business in 2006 are for January 2005. Based on the study of laws and regulations—with input and verification by more than 3,500 government officials, lawyers, business consultants, accountants and other professionals routinely administering or advising on legal and regulatory requirements—the Doing Business methodology offers several advantages. It uses factual information about what laws and regulations say and allows for multiple interactions with local respondents to clarify potential misinterpretations of questions. Having representative samples of respondents is not an issue, as the texts of the relevant laws and regulations are collected and answers checked for accuracy. The methodology is inexpensive, so data can be collected in a large sample of economies—155 published in Doing Business in 2006. Because the same standard assumptions are applied in the data collection, which is transparent and easily replicable, comparisons and benchmarks are valid across countries. And the data not only highlight the extent of obstacles but also help identify their source, supporting policymakers in designing reform. The Doing Business methodology has 4 limitations that should be considered when interpreting the data. First, in many cases the collected data refer to businesses in the country’s most populous city and may not be representative of regulatory practices in other parts of the country. Second, the data often focus on a specific business form—a limited liability company of a specified size—and may not be representative of the regulation on other businesses, for example, sole proprietorships. Third, the measures of time involve an element of judgment by the expert respondents. Therefore, if sources indicate different estimates, the time indicators reported in Doing Business represent the median values of several responses given under the assumptions of the case study. Fourth, the methodology assumes that the business has full information on what is required and does not waste time in completing procedures. In practice, completing a procedure may take longer if the business lacks information or is unable to follow up promptly. Questions on the methodology and challenges to data may be submitted through the “Ask a Question” function on the Doing Business website at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Updated indicators, as well as any revisions of or corrections to the printed data, are posted on the website. Since the publication of last year’s report, 26 complaints on data have been received. In 4 instances data were corrected as a result of these complaints: the number of procedures and time to start a business in Burkina Faso, the cost of registering property in Senegal, the time to go through bankruptcy in Switzerland and the time and cost to go through bankruptcy in Russia. In 22 other cases past data were corrected during the updating of the indicators for this year’s report.
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Creating Jobs
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Contents Doing Business in 2006: Cr
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2 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 to registe
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4 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Less costl
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6 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006
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9 Starting a business Who is reform
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STARTING A BUSINESS 11 duced the mi
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STARTING A BUSINESS 13 Introduce st
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15 Dealing with licenses Who is ref
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DEALING WITH LICENSES 17 plain that
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DEALING WITH LICENSES 19 Not in Sie
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21 Hiring and firing workers Who is
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HIRING AND FIRING WORKERS 23 TABLE
Page 31 and 32: HIRING AND FIRING WORKERS 25 raised
Page 33 and 34: 27 Registering property Who is refo
Page 35 and 36: REGISTERING PROPERTY 29 In Latin Am
Page 37 and 38: REGISTERING PROPERTY 31
Page 39 and 40: 33 Getting credit Who is reforming?
Page 41 and 42: GETTING CREDIT 35
Page 43 and 44: GETTING CREDIT 37 But public regist
Page 45 and 46: 39 Protecting investors Who is refo
Page 47 and 48: PROTECTING INVESTORS 41 TABLE 7.2 I
Page 49 and 50: PROTECTING INVESTORS 43 TABLE 7.6 W
Page 51 and 52: 45 Paying taxes Who is reforming? W
Page 53 and 54: PAYING TAXES 47
Page 55 and 56: PAYING TAXES 49 What to reform? Tax
Page 57 and 58: PAYING TAXES 51 2004, despite the n
Page 59 and 60: 53 Trading across borders Who is re
Page 61 and 62: TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 55 Who is re
Page 63 and 64: TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 57 documents
Page 65: TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 59
Page 68 and 69: 62 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Who is re
Page 70 and 71: 64 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 loans at
Page 73 and 74: 67 Closing a business Who is reform
Page 75 and 76: CLOSING A BUSINESS 69 What to refor
Page 77: CLOSING A BUSINESS 71 Such measures
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Page 86 and 87: 80 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 a procedu
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Page 97 and 98: 91 Ease of doing business: an appen
Page 99: APPENDIX 93 countries all rank in t
Page 102 and 103: 96 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Starting
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Page 108 and 109: 102 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Getting
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Page 114 and 115: 108 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 Enforcin
Page 116 and 117: 110 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 AFGHANIS
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Page 122 and 123: 116 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 BULGARIA
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Page 128 and 129: 122 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 DOMINICA
Page 130 and 131: 124 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 ETHIOPIA
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126 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 GHANA Su
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128 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 HONDURAS
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130 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 IRAN Mid
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132 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 JAPAN OE
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134 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 KUWAIT M
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136 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 LITHUANI
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138 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 MALI Sub
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140 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 MOLDOVA
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142 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 NETHERLA
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144 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 OMAN Mid
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146 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 PERU Lat
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148 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 RUSSIA E
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150 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 SERBIA A
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152 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 SOUTH AF
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154 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 SYRIA Mi
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156 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 TONGA Ea
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158 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 UNITED K
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160 DOING BUSINESS IN 2006 VIETNAM
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163 Acknowledgments Contact details
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 165 Tibor Fabian BI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167 Barthélémy Ke
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 169 Ghislane Moise
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 171 Bernt Juthstrom
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 173 Kari Hrafn Kjar
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175 Ivan A. Zaitsev
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 177 Samuel Tembenu
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179 Russell Lawn BU
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 181 Jazmin Banal RO
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 183 Ivan Petrovic L
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185 Wen-Horng Kao P
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 187 Katherine Stone
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Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jo
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