PHYSICS

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Fig. 4.2. The diagram of the components of a skeletal muscle fiber Pressure. Abyssobrotula galatheae, reachinga length of20 centime ters, holds the depth record among fishes at 8,370 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench A sarcomere is located between Muscle so-called Z-disks and is com fiber posed of an array of thick myosin and thin actin filaments. The myosin filaments have ends which are supplied with crossbridges which can change angle during each cycle of attachment 0.5 1 IJ.m, Myofibril and detachment, pulling a thick filament along a thin one. According to the sliding-filament model for the contraction mechanism (fig. 4.3), the relative Myosin Photofibrils sliding of the thick and thin '\- Actin z z z z Thermoreception. The sensitivity r I I I I I II I I II ofsnake to rapid changes I r-r-r- ~ of temperature is II I I II 0.002°C I H A I I I I I I I Electroreception. Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is the only mammal that has a sense of electrore ception: it locates its prey in part by detecting their body electricity Fig. 4.3. The diagram of the components of a skeletal muscle fiber filaments along each other induces a shortening of the distance between the two Z-disks and contraction of each sarcomere, and therefore of the whole muscle. The energy for contraction is supplied by ATP. The activation and binding of the myosin-A'TP complex to actin in the thin filaments occurs only in the presence of Ca 2 + ions and the threshold concentration required to initiate muscle contraction is about 10- 7 - 10- 8 M. 32
Camouflage. Paradoxophyla palmata, a frog native to Madagascar; the frog's brown and yellow coloring, as well as its rough texture, allow it to blend in with the mud and tree trunks in its environment y" Mechanoreception. When such a sensitive plant as Mimosa pudica is touched its leaflets fold downwards and this happen no matter what the direction of the touch Osmosis. Giant Sequoias holds the height record (95 m); possible mechanisms by which this height can be reached are root pressure (osmotic driving force due to a gradient of solute concentration across root cell membranes), and transpiration Interference. Iridescence of peacock feathers is caused by light reflected from complex layered surface
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Page 18 and 19: Chapter 5. MECHANOBIOLOGY ..... .11
Page 20 and 21: Sensory nerve to eNS Intrafusal mus
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Page 32 and 33: VOCABULARY Enzlish Ukrainian Englis
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Page 36 and 37: elative amplitudes of the various h
Page 38 and 39: echo intensity, the animal can dete
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Page 42 and 43: Control Works Modulus 4 Acoustics,
Page 44 and 45: ocean, where they remain for two to
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Page 48 and 49: In practice, heat engines convert o
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Page 56 and 57: organs on the head below and in fro
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stun prey. The strong current is us
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of electric charge; likewise, a wir
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flow of current, which in turn prod
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Animal Extremes! Magnetotactic bact
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layer of glass called the cladding,
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its bathing medium), there will be
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emission of radiation. It is import
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Fig. 22.1. Lateral cross-section of
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(fig. 22.7, a). The furthest distan
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there are 4 - 6 layers of iridophor
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tri phosphate (ATP). A detailed des
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GaAlAs-laser InGaAs-laser He: Ne-Ia
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23.7. LASER SURGERY Advantages of t
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Example. Monochromatic light from a
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REFERENCES Ilocyoiu !O.I. Eio4>i3HK
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192 6.3.3. Capillarity 58 6.3.4. Ca
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PHYSICS

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