PHYSICS

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VOCABULARY Enzlish Ukrainian English Ukrainian Adhesion Azrresis Insomnia ne3COHH5I Altitude Fipcsxa Lassitude Yroxrneiricrs, sickness xBop06a s'anicrs Alveole Am.seona Lassitude Yroxrnenicrt., Anorexia Aaopexcis (BiLlCYT s'snicrs aicrs anernry) Lungs Jlereni Ascent TIiLlMOM Malaise He3LlV)I(aHH5I Bends Kecouaa xsopofia Manifest 51BHa Bilayer nOLlBiMHlIH map hypoxia rinoxcia Bradicardia Bpaznncapnis (3MeH Mountain Fipcsxa urena T.IaCTOTa cep sickness xBop06a ueanx CKODOT.IeHb) Narcosis HaPKo3 Bubble Ilvxipeus Nausea HYLlOTa Caisson Keconna xsopofia Osmosis OCMOC disease Piston Ilonurem, Centripetal .LJ:oueHTpoBa cana Plaque Ensnnca, force TPOM6oUliT Chough KnVllIllU51 Pneumotorax Ilaeaaoronaxc Cohesion Koresis Poisoning OTDV€HH5I Compensated KOMrreHCOBaHa Polymyalgia Iloniaianris hypoxia rinoxcia rheumatica oeBMaTllT.IHa Concave YmvTllH Pond skater Bozroxtipxa Contact angle KoaHoBliH KYT Rheumatoid PeBMaTolLlHllM Convex Ortvxrnni arthritis aOTDnT Critical Focrpa Semi- Hanishypoxia rinoxcis permeability rroonaxaicn, Descent Cnvcx Surface Ilosepxneaaii Drag ranbMvBaHHli, onin tension HaT5Ir Dyspnea 3aLlllllIKa Surfactants CVOdlaKTaHT Flutter Tpevriaas Tachycardia Taxixapzria Frictional Cana Temporal TeMnopanbHllM force TepT5I arteritis apreniir Gas embolism Fasoaa eM6oni51 Trench 3anaLlllHa Hematocrit Fesraroxrnrr Twitching CirraHH5I, Hodgkin's XBopo6a CMllKaHHli disease XOLl)l(KiHa Viscosity B'513KiCTb Hyaline mem Fianiaoao-vev- Vomiting nmOBaHH5I brane disease 6DaHHa xsonofia Wettable 3MO'WlOT.IllH Hypoxia Finoxcis Control Works Modulus 3 Fluid and Gas Mechanics Example. Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa at the top of Mount Everest which is 10000 m above sea level. Answer: 0.219.10 5 Pa. Problem. Calculate the pressure at an ocean depth of 1000 m. Assume the density of water is 1.10 3 kg/rn and Pa = 1.01.10 5 Pa. Answer: 9.90.10 6 Pa. Problem. An aorta has a diameter of 8.10- 5 M 2 with blood flowing at 40.10-2 M/S. Calculate the cross-sectional area of a vein with blood flowing at 2.10- 1 M/S. Answer: 1.6.10- 4 M 2. Problem. An insect called a pond skater can walk on water. It has six feet and the total length of the air-water interface of each foot has been estimated to be I rnrn. The contact angle between each foot and the water (normally sufficiently large) has been decreased by lowering the surface tension with the addition of a detergent to a = 40.10- 3 N/m. Determine whether the insect will sink or be supported by the water. The mass of insect is 25.10- 6 kg. Problem. Sap flows upwards through the xylem in trees through vessels with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 mrn. Can capillarity alone account for the sap rising to a height of 100 m in a tree such as a Sequoia? The density and surface tension of the sap are 10 3 kg/rn' and 70.10- 3 N/m, respectively. Animals Extremes! Highest Flyer - Ruppel's griffon vulture (Gyps fulcus) , one collided with an airplane off the Ivory Coast in 1973 at 11278 m; a migrating Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) was once seen over the Himalayan Mountains in Nepal at roughly 8534 m. Deepest Fish - the cuskeel (Abyssobrotula galatheae) , which reaches 20 ern in length, holds the depth record among fish at 8370 m in the Puerto Rico Trench. Deepest Diver - the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) - about 2500 m. 60 61
Human Extremes! The record for the deepest free-dive (170 m) belongs to Ferreras who spent 2 minutes 39 seconds underwater in October 2003, plunging on a sled to the depth, and inflating a balloon at the bottom to return to the surface. Reinhold Meissner made the first ascent of Everest without oxygen in 1978. Chapter 7. ACOUSTICS ~a'R. R~~~i' . • • '........ _mr Tre'S'tltD!ii'P't'ffl ~ The branch of science and technology that is devoted to the production, transmission, control, processing, transformation, reception, and interaction with material media of sound, ultrasound, and infrasound waves is called acoustics. 7.1. HARMONIC WAVES A harmonic wave has a sinusoidal (or cosinusoidal) shape (fig. 7.1); the relationshi p between displacement and time can be written in equation form: x = Asinttat + CPo) (7.1) where A is a measure of maximum amplitude, w is a measure of angular frequency, and qJo is a measure of the starting phase. The maximum amplitude refers to the maximal value of displacement the waveform achieves in one period. The starting phase of a sinusoid can be determined from the initial conditions. AI x -AI 62 Fig. 7.1. A harmonic wave The time it takes the wave to travel a distance of one wavelength is called a period (1). The angular frequency and period are related by: T = 2n t» (7.2) The frequency (j) of a harmonic wave equals the number of cycles a sine wave completes per unit of time; for instance, the number of times per second an object moves back and forth. The frequency is related to the period and angular frequency (w) by the following relationships: f=~ (7.3) T w = 2nf (7.4) The most common unit for f is lis or hertz (Hz). The energy of a particle moving with harmonic motion is given by the following equations: Kinetic energy of the particle: mV 2 m mA 2W 2 E K = -.-2- = T[A tacos (rot + CPo W= 2 cos 2 (nit + CPo )(7.5) Potential energy of a particle: kx 2 m 2w 2 mA 2t» 2 sin 2(wt+CPo)(7.6) En =-2-= ~ [Awsin(wt+CPo)= ~ Total energy of a particle: mA 2 w 2 mA 2 w 2 E = E0- En = [cos 2 (wt + CPo) + sin 2(wt + CPo)] = (7.7) 2 2 dx ) where: V =- =A w cos (w t +cP0 (7.8) dt 7.2. VIBRATIONAL PROCESSES IN BIOLOGY Lotka- Volterra Model. One of the first models which describes cctions between two species in an ecosystem, a predator and a prey, was proposed in 1925 by the American biophysicist Alfred Lotka and the Italian mathematician Vito Volterra. The Lotka Volterra model is based on differential equations. Differential equation models make it possible to analyze a population at every moment in time. When considering two species, the model will involve two equations, one of which describes how the prey population changes and the second how the predator population changes. Assuming the prey are rabbits and the predators are foxes, let 63
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GaAlAs-laser InGaAs-laser He: Ne-Ia
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Example. Monochromatic light from a
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REFERENCES Ilocyoiu !O.I. Eio4>i3HK
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PHYSICS

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