PHYSICS

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organs on the head below and in front of the eyes, which are extremely sensitive thermoreceptors. Each pit is a cavity about 5 mm deep. The sensitivity of the snake to rapid changes of temperature is 0.002°C. The pit organs also act as a directional distance receptor. Fish. Many species of bony fish (teleosts) are sensitive to very small changes of water temperature - from 0.03°C to 0.07°C. Practically the entire surface of the fish, including the fins, is thermosensitive. Likewise, elasmobranchs, such as rays and sharks, have distinctive sense organs, called ampullae of Lorenzini, that are highly sensitive to cooling. lOS 14.4. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON PLANTS Plants can survive a broad range of atmospheric temperatures from -S9°C to 5SoC (even to about 70 DC in desert areas). Most species, however, have a much more limited temperature range, generally from somewhat above freezing to around 40°C. Temperature extremes have distinct effects on plants. High temperatures cause increased respiration (sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis) and transpiration. A common response to Fig. 14.3. A pair of facial pits in rattlesnake which play role of the infrared receptors _. Brain Optic nerve Nostril Olfactory nerve Forked tongue ~Locationof the jacobson' organ r "'it! \ Air space ~~ (\=Pit membrane -Pit opening Sensory nerve Heat-sensitive nerve ending high temperature in plants is a marked change in the pattern of protein synthesis. High temperatures cause damage to the cells and tissues and low temperatures can result in poor growth,' reduce energy use and increase sugar storage. Photosynthesis decreases with decreasing temperature. Low temperature injury to tropical and subtropical plants (chilling injury) results in wilting, inhibited growth, germination and reproduction, and death. The universal result of freezing is membrane damage while extracellular freezing (i.e., water external to the plasma membrane) damage causes rapid dehydration of the cells. Flowering depends on the temperature and in some species can be partially triggered by temperature. VOCABULARY Enzlish Ukrainian En2lish Ukrainian Absorptivity IIorJII1HaJIbHa Neural HeifpoHHIlJ1 3naTHlCTb thermostat TepMOCTaT Basking 3irpiBaHHH Olfaction HIOX na COHUI Boundary layer rpaHlIllHlIif uiap Partial IIapuiaJIbHIIJ1 pressure TIICK Carnot cycle 1l,lIKJI Kapno Reversible Heo6opOTHIIJ1 Chilling injury IIowKo)l,)KeHHH Saturation II pyxcnicrt, Bin 3aMopo)l(y vapor pressure aacrrseaoi BaHHH rraplI Coloration 3a4Jap6JIeHHH Shivering TpeMTiHHH Convection KOHBeKuiH Smell 3arrax Dew point Toxxa POCI1 State of PiBHOBa)l(HIIH . eq uilibrium CTaH .. Dry-bulb CYXIIJ1 Taste CMaK thermometer TepMOMeTp Emissivity Banpovimo Taste-bud CMaKoBa BaJIbHa 6pyHbKa azrarnicri, Evaporation Banapoaysanna Taste hairs CMaKoBi COCOllKII Gustation CMaK Thermal TerrJIoBe expansion p03WlIpeHHH Hair-like cells BOJIOCKOBi Thermal Tenrionpo KJIlT 11HII conductivitv auurrcrs Heat engine TerrJIoBl1if Thermal Koerpiuienr nBlIrYH efficiency KOPIICHOI nil 109
Continuation of Vocabulary Huddling YTBopeHH5I HaToBrry Triple point Florpiiiaa TOlJKa Humidity BOJIo,icTb Turbinates HocoBa paKOBHHa Insulation I3oJI5ILd51 Vapor deficit )];eepiUHT BOJIO,OCTI Irreversible 060POTHl1M Vasoconstriction CKOpOlJeHH5I Cy)J,I1HH Liquefaction CKparrJIeHH5I Vasodilation P03IIIHpeHH5I Cy)J,HHH Control Works Modulus 5 Thermodynamics, Thermoregulation, Thermobiology Problem. An object has a temperature of SO°F. What is its temperature in degrees Celsius and in Kelvin? Answers: 10°C; 283.IS K. Problem. A structural steel beam is IS m long when installed at 20°e. How much will its length change over the temperature extremes of -30°C to SO°C? Answers: 1.32 ern. Problem. A pig lying a on wood floor has its belly in contact with the floor. If the temperature of the wood surface approximates that of the surface of the pig's belly, the 2-cm-thick wood slab is on ground at a temperature of O°C, the belly-floor contact area is 3000 ern", the body temperature of the pig is 38°C and the thermal conductivity of the wood is 0.126 W' m"-K-', what is the conductive heat transfer under steadystate conditions? Answer: 71.82 J·S-I. Problem. Calculate the heat flux density conducted across the boundary layer and convected away from the surface of an animal if the radius of the animal is 0.2 m, the surface temperature (T,uif) is 40°C, the air temperature (T ) a is 20 "C and the ambient wind speed (V) is S m-s". Answer. 446.96 W·m- 2 • 110 Problem. Calculate the thickness of the boundary layer across a flat leaf at 2SoC when the surrounding air is at 20°e. A mean length of the leaf is 10 ern and the wind speed is 0.8 m/s, Answer: 1.4 mm. Problem. Calculate the net flux of thermal radiant energy between an animal and its environment if the effective radiant-surface area is 1m 2 , the radiant-surface temperature is 2S oC and the an average temperature of the environment is io'c. Answer: 42 W. Home Work. Find the Internet site http://www-tech.mit.edu/Chemicool/cgi-bin/gaslaws.pl and calculate the number of moles (n) of ideal gas if the pressure (p) is 100 Pa, the temperature (T) is 20°C and the volume (V) is 100 cm' . . Home Work. Virtual Psychrometric Tables utilize wet and dry bulb temperatures to derive the partial pressure, saturated vapor pressure, absolute humidity, relative humidity and dew point. Find the Internet site http://www.met.rdg.ac.ukrswshargi/MicroMet Soft.html and calculate each of these parameters for T w = 20", T a = 2S o , and Palm = 760 mm Hg. Home Work. Find the Internet site: http://hyperohysics.phy-astr.gsu. edu/hbasel thermo/temper.html which contains a table for the conversion of temperatures between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit. Using this table, convert your body temperature (or that of your cat or dog) to the Kelvin scale and the Fahrenheit scale. Animal Extremes! The sensitivity of a rattle snake to rapid changes of temperature is 0.002°C. Evidence exists of procaryotes living at temperatures as high as ISSaC. For land animals, the upper limit is about SO°C for certain insects and reptiles. Certain large polar mammals and birds can tolerate an ambient temperature of -60°C. III
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Yuriy I. Posudin PHYSICS WITH FUNDA
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onment; and identify instrumentatio
Page 6 and 7: The Student's coefficient (I) is a
Page 8 and 9: Home Work 2. For the Plant Protecti
Page 10 and 11: Air Air Air Water Water Water Water
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Page 14 and 15: 3.3.4. The Lever A lever is the sim
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 4.2. The diagram of the compon
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 5. MECHANOBIOLOGY ..... .11
Page 20 and 21: Sensory nerve to eNS Intrafusal mus
Page 22 and 23: Continuation of Vocabulary Averaged
Page 24 and 25: a hemispherical liquid-gas ~ rr int
Page 26 and 27: due to extensive skin folds, and hi
Page 28 and 29: ate through the tube, decreases at
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 6.8. Movement of a particle in
Page 32 and 33: VOCABULARY Enzlish Ukrainian Englis
Page 34 and 35: N J and N 2 represent the number of
Page 36 and 37: elative amplitudes of the various h
Page 38 and 39: echo intensity, the animal can dete
Page 40 and 41: Scala vestibuli (perilyumh) Bone Te
Page 42 and 43: Control Works Modulus 4 Acoustics,
Page 44 and 45: ocean, where they remain for two to
Page 46 and 47: point of water and 212 as the boili
Page 48 and 49: In practice, heat engines convert o
Page 50 and 51: tures mainly by moving into locatio
Page 52 and 53: Certain moths, beetles, dragonflies
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Page 70 and 71: flow of current, which in turn prod
Page 72 and 73: Animal Extremes! Magnetotactic bact
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PHYSICS

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