PHYSICS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

192 6.3.3. Capillarity 58 6.3.4. Capillary Rise 59 Chapter 7. Acoustics .......................•.......................................... 62 7.1. Harmonic Waves 62 7.2. Vibrational Processes in Biology 63 7.3. Acoustic Waves 66 7.3.1. Classification of Acoustic Waves 66 7.3.2. Physical Characteristics of Sound Waves 66 7.3.3. Physical Characteristics of Ultrasound Waves. 68 7.3.4. Physical Characteristics of Infrasound Waves. 68 Chapter 8. Bioacoustics 69 8.1. Sound Production 69 8.2. Echolocation 70 8.3. The Doppler Effect 72 Chapter 9. Acoustobiology 73 9.1. Acoustoreception 73 9.2. Ultrasound Therapy 78 9.3. The Mechanisms of Ultrasound Action 78 Chapter 10. Molecular Physics 80 10.1. Ideal Gas 80 10.2. Real Gas 81 10.3. Humidity 82 10.3.1. Parameters of Humidity 82 10.3.2. Psychrometer Equation 82 Chapter 11. Molecular Biophysics 83 11.1. Chemoreception 83 11.2. Olfactory (Smell) Mechanisms 84 11.3. Gustatory (Taste) Mechanisms 85 11.4. Communication between Animals by Smell and Taste 85 Chapter 12.Thermodynamics 87 12.1. Definition of Thermodynamics 87 12.2. Temperature 87 12.3. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 89 12.4. Thermodynamic Systems 90 12.5. The First Law of Thermodynamics 90 12.6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 12.7. Entropy.......... 93 12.8. The Equilibrium State 95 Chapter 13. Thermoregulation 95 13.1. Pattern of Body Temperature 95 13.2. Heat Production 96 13.3. Heat Exchange 101 13.3.1. Thermal Conductivity ·..·..· 101 13.3.2. Convection 102 13.3.3. Radiation 104 13.3.4. Evaporation 105 Chapter 14. Thermobiology 105 14.1. Thermoreception 105 14.2. Thermoreception in Invertebrates 106 14.3. Thermoreception in Vertebrates 107 14.4. Effects of Temperature on Plants 108 Chapter 15. Electricity 112 15.1. Basic Concepts 112 15.2. Electrostatics 112 15.2.1. Properties of Electric Charges 112 15.2.2. Coulomb's Law ·..· · 112 15.2.3. The Electric Field 113 15.2.4. Electric Potential · · 114 15.2.5. Obtaining E from the Electric Potential 115 15.2.6. Motion of Charged Particles in an Uniform Electric Field · · 116 15.2.7. Oscillograph 117 15.3. Current Electricity ··..·······..·······..····· 118 15.3.1. Electric Current 118 15.3.2. Current Circuits 119 15.3.3. Ohm's Law · · ·..· · 119 15.3.4. KirchhofPs Rules 119 15.3.5. Joule-Lentz's Law · · · 120 Chapter 16. Bioelectricity 120 16.1. Nernst Equation 120 193
16.2. Resting Potential 122 16.3. Action Potential 123 16.4. Propagation of Action Potentials 124 16.5. Electrocardiography 124 16.6. The Einthoven's Triangle 125 16.7. Other Bioelectric Potentials 126 Chapter 17. Electrobiology 126 17.1. Electric Fields and Animals 126 17.2. Electrotherapy................................................... 128 17.2.1. Methods of Electrotherapy 128 17.2.2. Physiological Effects of Electricity 129 Chapter 18. Magnetism 131 18.1. Magnetic Fields 131 18.2. The Mass Spectrometry 133 18.3. Ampere's Law 134 18.4. Magnetic Field of a Thin Straight Conductor 135 18.5. Faraday's Law 18.6. Electromagnetic Flow Meter 135 135 Chapter 19. Biomagnetism 19.1. Magnetic Fields in Living Organisms Chapter 20. Magnetobiology 20.1. Magnetic Orientation in Animals 20.2. Magnetotherapy Chapter 21. Optics 21.1. Nature of Light 21.2. Geometric Optics 21.2.1. Ray Approximation 21.2.2. Laws of Geometric Optics 21.2.3. Total Internal Reflection 21.2.4. Fiber Optics 21.2.5. Compound Microscopes 21.3. Wave Optics 21.3.1. Definition of Wave Optics 21.3.2. Interference 21.3.3. Young's Double-Slit Experiment 21.3.4. Interference Microscopes 194 137 137 137 137 138 140 140 141 141 142 142 143 144 145 145 145 147 147 21.3.5. Diffraction 149 21.3.6. Measurement of Mean Erythrocyte Size 150 21.3.7. Diffraction Grating 150 21.3.8. X-Ray Diffraction and Structure of DNA 151 21.3.9. Polarization 21.3.10. Optical Activity 21.4. Quantum Optics 21.4.1. Photoelectric Effect 21.4.2. Laser 152 ··..··· · · 153 154 154 155 Chapter 22. Physiological Optics 159 22.1. The Eye as an Optical System 159 22.2. Defects of Vision 163 22.3. Bioluminescence 166 22.4. Camouflage 167 Chapter 23. Photobiology · 168 23.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum 168 23.2. Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Living Organisms 169 23.2.1. Human and Animal Health 169 23.2.2. Terrestrial Plants 170 23.2.3. Aquatic Ecosystems 170 23.3. Effect of Photosynthtically Active Radiation on Living Organisms 171 23.3.1. Photosynthesis 171 23.3.2. Phototropism 172 23.3.3. Photoperiodism 172 23.3.4. Photomorphogenesis 173 23.3.5. Photomovement 173 23.3.6. Photosensitization 174 23.4. Effect of Near-Infrared Radiation on Living Organisms 175 23.5. Ultraviolet Therapy ·..·· 176 23.6. Phototherapy ·..··..········ · ·..· 177 23.7. Laser Surgery · · · 180 Appendix . References .. 184 188 195
Page 2 and 3:
Yuriy I. Posudin PHYSICS WITH FUNDA
Page 4 and 5:
onment; and identify instrumentatio
Page 6 and 7:
The Student's coefficient (I) is a
Page 8 and 9:
Home Work 2. For the Plant Protecti
Page 10 and 11:
Air Air Air Water Water Water Water
Page 12 and 13:
(l05 N 2 ) · (0.6 ·W- 2 m ) . (0.
Page 14 and 15:
3.3.4. The Lever A lever is the sim
Page 16 and 17:
Fig. 4.2. The diagram of the compon
Page 18 and 19:
Chapter 5. MECHANOBIOLOGY ..... .11
Page 20 and 21:
Sensory nerve to eNS Intrafusal mus
Page 22 and 23:
Continuation of Vocabulary Averaged
Page 24 and 25:
a hemispherical liquid-gas ~ rr int
Page 26 and 27:
due to extensive skin folds, and hi
Page 28 and 29:
ate through the tube, decreases at
Page 30 and 31:
Fig. 6.8. Movement of a particle in
Page 32 and 33:
VOCABULARY Enzlish Ukrainian Englis
Page 34 and 35:
N J and N 2 represent the number of
Page 36 and 37:
elative amplitudes of the various h
Page 38 and 39:
echo intensity, the animal can dete
Page 40 and 41:
Scala vestibuli (perilyumh) Bone Te
Page 42 and 43:
Control Works Modulus 4 Acoustics,
Page 44 and 45:
ocean, where they remain for two to
Page 46 and 47:
point of water and 212 as the boili
Page 48 and 49: In practice, heat engines convert o
Page 50 and 51: tures mainly by moving into locatio
Page 52 and 53: Certain moths, beetles, dragonflies
Page 54 and 55: the surface temperature (Tsar[) is
Page 56 and 57: organs on the head below and in fro
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 15. ELECTRICITY Electricity
Page 60 and 61: t1 cp = -f B Eds = - Ed (15.9) A or
Page 62 and 63: 14B e i .11 if 40MI I lOB 60M ~I2 b
Page 64 and 65: 16.4. PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTI
Page 66 and 67: stun prey. The strong current is us
Page 68 and 69: of electric charge; likewise, a wir
Page 70 and 71: flow of current, which in turn prod
Page 72 and 73: Animal Extremes! Magnetotactic bact
Page 74 and 75: layer of glass called the cladding,
Page 76 and 77: its bathing medium), there will be
Page 78 and 79: ••,, "" . . ~: . , .. - . .....
Page 80 and 81: emission of radiation. It is import
Page 82 and 83: Fig. 22.1. Lateral cross-section of
Page 84 and 85: (fig. 22.7, a). The furthest distan
Page 86 and 87: there are 4 - 6 layers of iridophor
Page 88 and 89: tri phosphate (ATP). A detailed des
Page 90 and 91: GaAlAs-laser InGaAs-laser He: Ne-Ia
Page 92 and 93: 23.7. LASER SURGERY Advantages of t
Page 94 and 95: Example. Monochromatic light from a
Page 96 and 97: REFERENCES Ilocyoiu !O.I. Eio4>i3HK
show all

PHYSICS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?