PHYSICS

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ocean, where they remain for two to seven years and may range 1600 km or more from their stream of origin. Salmon return to these natal streams, however, to reproduce. Many scientists believe that a combination of geographic features, temperature, magnetic, celes- Fig. 11.1. Sensory hairs tial and chemical cues, heaon the antennae of a moth ring, and other factors are involved in orientation mechanisms for salmon migration. When migrating salmon make the transition from marine into fresh water, they appear to rely primarily upon their sense of smell of rotting vegetation, insects, fish, dust released from local rocks and soils, and amino acids dissolved in water. 11.2. OLFACTORY (SMELL) MECHANISMS nals lined with sheets of receptors within the nasal cavity are called turbinates. Protruding from the end of the nerve are thin cilia that are covered by mucus. Molecules are absorbed into the mucous layer and passed to the cilia where the chemical is detected. The chemicals must be dissolved in the mucus and be absorbed in order for the olfactory receptors to react; hence, the solubility of the odorant influences perception. 11.3. GUSTATORY (TASTE) MECHANISMS The receptors for the gustatory nerves are known as taste-buds and are located on the tongue and the roof of the mouth (fig. 11.3). Sweet, sour, bitter and salty are the basic taste sensations resulting from stimulation of the tastebuds. These four basic tastes may have evolved to assess the basic properties of foods. Sweet taste signals food high in calories, salty foods indicate foods that help maintain water balance, sour tastes may signal foods that could be dangerous if eaten in excess, and bitter taste sensations signal toxic foods. Insects have contact receptors T ongue G us t a t ory .. " h I" called taste hairs or sensilla. At epit e 10m pore t he e tl ti p 0 f eac h sensi '11 urn IS . a tiny . pore that allows molecules to reach the sensory cells. Each cell is sensitive to a different chemical. Sensilla can be located in a variety of body parts. Flies, for example, have sensilla on their feet. Nerve 7 I Supporting of taste Gustatory cell cell Fig. 11.3. The receptors for the gustatory nerves (taste buds) located on the tongue and the roof of the mouth 11.4. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ANIMALS BY SMELL AND TASTE Fig. 84 Pheromones are molecules used for communication between animals. The word "pheromone" comes from the Greek words "pherein" (to carry, transfer) and "hormon" (to excite, stimu 85
late). Biological communication is an action on the part of one organism (or cell) that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism (or cell) in an adaptive fashion. In such a way, communication occurs when one animal's behavior can be shown to have an effect on the behavior of another. Examples of ant, bee, moth, termite and mammal pheromones and their function(s) are presented in Table 11.1. 11.1. Chemical compounds and functions ofpheromones among the animals Compound Function Family Genus Benzaldegyde Trail pheromone Bee, Apidae Trigona Defense Ant, Formicidae Veromessor Male sex Moth, Pseudaletia pheromone Amphipvrinae 2-Tridecanone Alarm pheromone Defense Dehydro-exobrevicomin Exo-brevicomm (Z)-7 Dodecen-l-yl acetate Male sex pheromone Aggregation pheromone Female sex pheromone Ant, Formicidae Termite, Rhinotermitidae Mammals Insect Mammal Insect Acanthomyops Schedorhinotermes Mouse, Mus Bark beetle, Dendroctonus Asian elephant, Elephas maximus -140 species of moth For terrestrial animals, the long-range sex attractants are usually in the range of 200 to 300 daltons in size (15 - 20 carbon atoms), whereas alarm pheromones, which must act quickly, are in the range of 100 - 200 daltons. Pheromones that are transmitted only through water are generally more polar and may be as large as proteins. Peptides are an obvious possibility for waterborne pheromones. Chapter 12. THERMODYNAMICS ~__~~
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PHYSICS

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