Carbohydrates and Health

1998) and 12g/day (Stewart et al., 2010). Three trials investigate the effect of
chemically modified starches (RS 4
). One trial reports that tapioca dextrin RS 4
supplementation lowers faecal pH, but other sources of RS 4
do not (Stewart et
al., 2010); the two other trials report no significant effect of RS 4
on faecal pH
(Pasman et al., 2006; Fastinger et al., 2008).
9.48 An effect of supplementation with retrograded, granular and high amylose
resistant starches (RS 1
, RS 2
and RS 3
) on increasing the faecal concentration or SCFA
proportion of butyrate is demonstrated in five trials (Phillips et al., 1995; Noakes et
al., 1996; Cummings et al., 1996; Jenkins et al., 1998; Muir et al., 2004), but two trials
report no significant effect of 30g/day (Heijnen et al., 1998) and 12g/day (Stewart
et al., 2010). Of the three trials investigating chemically modified starches (RS 4
),
one reports all faecal SCFA concentrations, except butyrate, to be lowered by the
RS 4
intervention (Fastinger et al., 2008), but the other two report no significant
effect (Pasman et al., 2006; Stewart et al., 2010).
9.49 Overall, resistant starch (RS 1
, RS 2
and RS 3
) at doses of 20-40g/day generally lower
faecal pH and increase either the concentration or proportion of faecal butyrate.
There is little evidence for an effect of chemically modified resistant starch (RS 4
)
on these faecal parameters.
Resistant starch (RS , RS and RS ) and faecal short chain fatty acid content
1 2 3
• Effect
• Moderate evidence
• Whether the effect is beneficial or of biological relevance is currently unclear. The
supplement doses used are above levels currently consumed in typical diets in the
UK, but recent and future developments of novel food ingredients may substantially
increase the intake of resistant starches
Resistant starch (RS , RS and RS ) and faecal pH
1 2 3
• Effect
• Limited evidence
• Whether the effect is beneficial or of biological relevance is currently unclear. The
supplement doses used are above levels currently consumed in typical diets in the
UK, but recent and future developments of novel food ingredients may substantially
increase the intake of resistant starches
Faecal bacteria
9.50 Five randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on
resistant starch supplementation in relation to faecal Bifidobacterium spp.
content (Jenkins et al., 1999c; Bouhnik et al., 2004; Pasman et al., 2006; Fastinger et
al., 2008; Beards et al., 2010). No further trials were identified in the update search
(Colo-rectal health review). The data on measures of faecal bacteria content
were insufficiently comparable to allow a meta-analysis to be performed. Three
trials supplemented subjects’ diets with chemically modified resistant starch (RS 4
)
(Pasman et al., 2006; Fastinger et al., 2008; Beards et al., 2010), the other trial
supplemented subjects’ diets with either raw resistant starch (RS 2
) (Jenkins et al.,
156