Carbohydrates and Health

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table A4.3: Soft drink and fruit juice trial design Study Trial design Country Fluoride Age (y) Subject characteristics Dental erosion method and exposure time Rugg-Gunn et al., 1998 XO – no washout England NR NR 11 adults Bovine permanent incisor enamel mouth palatal appliances analysed by profilometer and scanning electron microscopy West et al., 1998 XO – 1 wk washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ mean 24, range 20-30 10 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer and surface microhardness Hughes et al., 1999a XO – 2 ½ d washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ mean 28, range 20-34 12 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer NR, not reported; y, year; d, day; XO, cross-over. Duration (d) Dietary assessment method Basal diet Intervention Control intervention 7 NR No restrictions – volunteers asked to maintain similar eating and drinking patterns during experimental periods Dental blocks dipped with either noncalorically sweetened phosphoric acid-based cola drink or non-calorically sweetened citric acid-based orange drink for 15 minutes 4 times/d Dental blocks dipped with distilled water 4 times/d 15 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml orange juice 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d 15 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml orange juice 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d Funding source Proctor and Gamble Ltd. Smith-Kline Beecham Consumer Healthcare Smith-Kline Beecham Consumer Healthcare 218
Table A4.3: continued Study Trial design Country Fluoride Age (y) Subject characteristics Dental erosion method and exposure time Hughes et al., 1999b XO – 2 d washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ NR 15 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer West et al., 1999 XO – no washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ mean 27, range 20-39 12 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer Hughes et al., 2002 XO – 2 d washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ mean 29, range 22-42 12 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer and ultrasonication West et al., 2003 XO – 2 d weekend washout England No tooth brushing allowed when appliance in situ median 32, range 17-56 15 adults Human third molar teeth enamel in palatal appliances analysed by profilometer NR, not reported; y, year; d, day; XO, cross-over. Duration (d) Dietary assessment method 15 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day 15 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day 10 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day, drinks were sipped under supervision 20 Compliance questionnaire completed each study day Basal diet Intervention Control intervention Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml noncalorically sweetened orange drink or non-calorically sweetened apple and blackcurrant juice drink 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml orange juice or blackcurrant juice drink 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml orange juice 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d Only tea, coffee or water could be consumed while the appliances were in situ 250ml noncalorically sweetened carbonated orange juice drink 4 times/d 250ml mineral water 4 times/d Funding source Smith-Kline Beecham Consumer Healthcare Smith-Kline Beecham Consumer Healthcare GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare 219
Page 1 and 2:
Carbohydrates and Health 2015
Page 3 and 4:
Published by TSO (The Stationery Of
Page 5 and 6:
performed the systematic review on
Page 7 and 8:
Colo-rectal health Children and ado
Page 9 and 10:
5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
Page 11 and 12:
Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
Page 13 and 14:
Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
Page 15 and 16:
Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
Page 17 and 18:
Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
Page 19 and 20:
S.21 It is recommended that dietar
Page 21 and 22:
1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
Page 23 and 24:
used as the primary dietary assessm
Page 25 and 26:
2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
Page 27 and 28:
β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
Page 29 and 30:
2.19 The amount of energy yielded
Page 31 and 32:
Definitions used in different dieta
Page 33 and 34:
2.32 In the United States ‘total
Page 35 and 36:
is associated with higher incidence
Page 37 and 38:
3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
Page 39 and 40:
3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
Page 41 and 42:
3.24 At a broad food category leve
Page 43 and 44:
were also significant contributors.
Page 45 and 46:
4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
Page 47 and 48:
loose stools with fast transit thro
Page 49 and 50:
Risk factors and measures considere
Page 51 and 52:
important in trials assessing effec
Page 53 and 54:
5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
Page 55 and 56:
Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 57 and 58:
Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
Page 59 and 60:
evidence of an effect of higher car
Page 61 and 62:
Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 63 and 64:
to exclude confounding by concomita
Page 65 and 66:
Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
Page 67 and 68:
Fasting LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholest
Page 69 and 70:
Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
Page 71 and 72:
not be included in a meta-analysis
Page 73 and 74:
Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
Page 75 and 76:
concomitant weight loss on fasting
Page 77 and 78:
5.105 Due to variation between the
Page 79 and 80:
carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
Page 81 and 82:
5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
Page 83 and 84:
Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
Page 85 and 86:
5.138 No significant association is
Page 87 and 88:
Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence -
Page 89 and 90:
5.151 The trials do provide eviden
Page 91 and 92:
6.7 No significant association is o
Page 93 and 94:
al., 2006), which left an insuffici
Page 95 and 96:
Sugars and energy intake • Effect
Page 97 and 98:
Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
Page 99 and 100:
Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
Page 101 and 102:
sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
Page 103 and 104:
6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
Page 105 and 106:
foods. Five of these adjusted their
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
Page 109 and 110:
that met the inclusion criteria. As
Page 111 and 112:
7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
Page 113 and 114:
7.11 No association was found betwe
Page 115 and 116:
were combined into a meta-analysis
Page 117 and 118:
7.25 Findings from prospective coh
Page 119 and 120:
2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
Page 121 and 122:
Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
Page 123 and 124:
Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
Page 125 and 126:
2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
Page 127 and 128:
metabolic review, cardiovascular di
Page 129 and 130:
Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
Page 131 and 132:
(Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
Page 133 and 134:
Faecal weight and intestinal transi
Page 135 and 136:
Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
Page 137 and 138:
Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
Page 139 and 140:
Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
Page 141 and 142:
al., 2008). The data on dietary int
Page 143 and 144:
observes an increase in bowel movem
Page 145 and 146:
Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
Page 147 and 148:
Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
Page 149 and 150:
Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
Page 151 and 152:
increases in vegetable, fruit, and
Page 153 and 154:
8.150 Due to variation between the
Page 155 and 156:
Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
Page 157 and 158:
Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
Page 159 and 160:
9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
Page 161 and 162:
Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
Page 163 and 164:
trial administers 21g/day inulin co
Page 165 and 166:
coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
Page 167 and 168:
Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
Page 169 and 170:
9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
Page 171 and 172:
1999c) or retrograde resistant star
Page 173 and 174:
9.61 All three trials demonstrate
Page 175 and 176:
Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
Page 177 and 178:
9.76 Of the five trials that inves
Page 179 and 180:
Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
Page 181 and 182: 10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
Page 183 and 184: Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
Page 185 and 186: 10.18 No significant effect of GI i
Page 187 and 188: Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
Page 189 and 190: 10.38 No significant effect is demo
Page 191 and 192: health review (Greenwood et al., 20
Page 193 and 194: Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
Page 195 and 196: 11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
Page 197 and 198: energy compensation (degree of volu
Page 199 and 200: Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
Page 201 and 202: with any adverse effects on growth
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
Page 205 and 206: 12 Overall summary and conclusions
Page 207 and 208: permanent dentitions. There is a la
Page 209 and 210: supplements on recurrence of colo-r
Page 211 and 212: • With the proposed reduction in
Page 213 and 214: sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
Page 215 and 216: ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
Page 217 and 218: frequency and age. For oral cancer,
Page 219 and 220: framework for the evaluation of evi
Page 221 and 222: • Whether the effect or associati
Page 223 and 224: Commentary on the evidence on fruct
Page 225 and 226: A3.9 There are few data from trial
Page 227 and 228: mechanism may have been acting for
Page 229 and 230: Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
Page 231: Randomised controlled trials A4.14
Page 235 and 236: Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
Page 237 and 238: TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
Page 239 and 240: TableA4.5: Results from prospective
Page 241 and 242: likely to progress in subjects who
Page 243 and 244: Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
Page 245 and 246: A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
Page 247 and 248: Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
Page 249 and 250: Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
Page 251 and 252: Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
Page 253 and 254: a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
Page 255 and 256: Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
Page 257 and 258: Risk factor/health outcome/measure
Page 259 and 260: IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
Page 261 and 262: A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
Page 263 and 264: A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
Page 265 and 266: Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
Page 267 and 268: Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
Page 269 and 270: P P er er c c ent ent Top tw Top tw
Page 271 and 272: Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
Page 283 and 284:
Table 3.13b: Total quantities consu
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 3.16: continued Aged 1.5 year
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Table 3.19b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 297 and 298:
Table 3.19d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 299 and 300:
Table 3.20a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 301 and 302:
Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 303 and 304:
Table 3.20e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 305 and 306:
Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 307 and 308:
Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 309 and 310:
Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 311 and 312:
Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 313 and 314:
Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 315 and 316:
A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
Page 317 and 318:
A9.3 The difference in sugars inta
Page 319 and 320:
References Abete I, Parra D & Marti
Page 321 and 322:
Asayama K, Thijs L, Brguljan-Hitij
Page 323 and 324:
Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Jau MS, K
Page 325 and 326:
Bouhnik Y, Flourie B, Riottot M, Bi
Page 327 and 328:
Campain AC, Morgan MV, Evans RW, Ug
Page 329 and 330:
COMA (1991) Dietary Reference Value
Page 331 and 332:
Davy BM, Melby CL, Beske SD, Ho RC,
Page 333 and 334:
Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR & Astrup A
Page 335 and 336:
Esrey KL, Joseph L & Grover SA (199
Page 337 and 338:
Francois IE, Lescroart O, Veraverbe
Page 339 and 340:
Grasten SM, Juntunen KS, Poutanen K
Page 341 and 342:
Health and Social Care Information
Page 343 and 344:
Howarth NC, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR,
Page 345 and 346:
Jenkins DJ, Vuksan V, Kendall CW, W
Page 347 and 348:
Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M,
Page 349 and 350:
Kvaavik E, Andersen LF & Klepp KI (
Page 351 and 352:
Levine RS, Nugent ZJ, Rudolf MC & S
Page 353 and 354:
Livesey G (2003) Health potential o
Page 355 and 356:
Marteau P, Flourie B, Cherbut C, Co
Page 357 and 358:
Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, e
Page 359 and 360:
Nissinen K, Mikkila V, Mannisto S,
Page 361 and 362:
Pasman W, Wils D, Saniez MH & Kardi
Page 363 and 364:
Pitts NB, Chestnutt IG, Evans D, Wh
Page 365 and 366:
Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis--an i
Page 367 and 368:
Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, et al
Page 369 and 370:
Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ &
Page 371 and 372:
Sorensen LB, Vasilaras TH, Astrup A
Page 373 and 374:
Striegel-Moore RH, Thompson D, Affe
Page 375 and 376:
Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB,
Page 377 and 378:
Tuohy KM, Kolida S, Lustenberger AM
Page 379 and 380:
Vester Boler BM, Serao MC, Bauer LL
Page 381 and 382:
West NX, Hughes JA, Parker D, Weave
Page 383:
Wycherley TP, Brinkworth GD, Keogh
show all

Carbohydrates and Health

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?