Carbohydrates and Health

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Results of meta-analysis for lower sugars diet vs. higher sugars diet and total dietary energy intake Model Pooled risk ratio estimate 1 No. 2 MJ/day (95%CI) Z (p-value) Random effect 11 1.01 (0.70-1.32) 6.50 (p|t| [95% Conf. Interval] sugars .0602157 .0288295 2.09 0.066 -.0050012 .1254326 _cons .1982157 .4204173 0.47 0.649 -.7528343 1.149266 302
A9.3 The difference in sugars intake between control and intervention groups, as percentage total dietary energy, has been calculated from change from baseline values where possible (see Table A9.1). Two trials do not report sugars intake, but report the amount of sugars subjects were supplemented with and this is assumed to represent the difference in intakes between the control and intervention groups (Reid et al., 2007; Njike et al., 2011). One trial did not report baseline data, so the difference in end of intervention sugars intakes was used (Brynes et al., 2003). A9.4 The meta-regression analysis shows no significant linear dose-response relationship in the data. The regression coefficient obtained from a meta-regression indicates a 60kJ (95%CI -0.005,125kJ; p=0.066) change in total dietary energy intake per one percentage change in energy intake from sugars. Table A9.1: Description of trial results and change from baseline data Trial Dietary intervention Mean change in EI from sugars Mean EI change from baseline (MJ/d) Results Drummond & Kirk 1998 Low fat and sugar Low fat -1.8%NMES -0.5% total sugars +0.7% NMES +2.5% total sugars -1.31 -0.77 EI decreases in both groups, less so in increased sugars intake group Saris et al., 2000 Low-fat high complex CHO Low-fat high simple CHO -3.5% simple CHO +7.2% simple CHO -1.8 -0.7 EI decreases in both groups, less so in increased simple CHO intake group Poppitt et al., 2002 Low-fat, high- complex- CHO diet -1.3 % simple CHO +0.74 EI increases in simple CHO group, but not complex CHO group Low-fat, high-simple- CHO diet + 12.3% simple CHO +1.34 Raben et al., 2002 Non-caloric sweetener Sucrose -3% sucrose +16% sucrose -0.44 +1.61 EI increases in the sucrose group, but not in the sweetener group Brynes et al., 2003 High-GI diet High sucrose diet NR estimate 0 NR estimate at +13.3% sucrose NR estimate 0 NR estimate +0.88 EI appears to increase in sucrose group (and high fat group) but not the high GI group (no baseline data) Drummond et al., 2003 Low fat and sugar Low fat -2.4% NMES +0.5% NMES -0.10 -0.31 Small EI decreases in both groups, less so in the decreased sugars intake group Table continues 303
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Carbohydrates and Health 2015
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Published by TSO (The Stationery Of
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performed the systematic review on
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Colo-rectal health Children and ado
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5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
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Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
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Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
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Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
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Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
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S.21 It is recommended that dietar
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1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
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used as the primary dietary assessm
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2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
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β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
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2.19 The amount of energy yielded
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Definitions used in different dieta
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2.32 In the United States ‘total
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is associated with higher incidence
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3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
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3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
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3.24 At a broad food category leve
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were also significant contributors.
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4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
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loose stools with fast transit thro
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Risk factors and measures considere
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important in trials assessing effec
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5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
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Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
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evidence of an effect of higher car
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Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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to exclude confounding by concomita
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholest
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Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
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not be included in a meta-analysis
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Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
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concomitant weight loss on fasting
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5.105 Due to variation between the
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carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
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5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
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Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
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5.138 No significant association is
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Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence -
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5.151 The trials do provide eviden
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6.7 No significant association is o
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al., 2006), which left an insuffici
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Sugars and energy intake • Effect
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Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
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Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
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sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
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6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
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foods. Five of these adjusted their
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Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
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that met the inclusion criteria. As
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7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
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7.11 No association was found betwe
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were combined into a meta-analysis
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7.25 Findings from prospective coh
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2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
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Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
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Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
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2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
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metabolic review, cardiovascular di
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Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
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(Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
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Faecal weight and intestinal transi
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Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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al., 2008). The data on dietary int
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observes an increase in bowel movem
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Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
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Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
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Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
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increases in vegetable, fruit, and
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8.150 Due to variation between the
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Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
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Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
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9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
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Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
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trial administers 21g/day inulin co
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coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
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Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
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9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
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1999c) or retrograde resistant star
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9.61 All three trials demonstrate
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Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
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9.76 Of the five trials that inves
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Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
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10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
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Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
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10.18 No significant effect of GI i
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Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
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10.38 No significant effect is demo
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health review (Greenwood et al., 20
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Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
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11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
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energy compensation (degree of volu
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Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
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with any adverse effects on growth
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Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
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12 Overall summary and conclusions
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permanent dentitions. There is a la
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supplements on recurrence of colo-r
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• With the proposed reduction in
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sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
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ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
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frequency and age. For oral cancer,
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framework for the evaluation of evi
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• Whether the effect or associati
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Commentary on the evidence on fruct
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A3.9 There are few data from trial
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mechanism may have been acting for
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Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
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Randomised controlled trials A4.14
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
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TableA4.5: Results from prospective
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likely to progress in subjects who
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Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
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A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
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Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
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Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
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Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
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a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
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Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
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Risk factor/health outcome/measure
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IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
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A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
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A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
Page 265 and 266: Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
Page 267 and 268: Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
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Page 271 and 272: Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
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Page 301 and 302: Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
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Page 305 and 306: Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 307 and 308: Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 309 and 310: Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 311 and 312: Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 313 and 314: Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 315: A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
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Page 329 and 330: COMA (1991) Dietary Reference Value
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Carbohydrates and Health

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