Carbohydrates and Health

ackgrounds or from lower social status groups being substantially more likely to
have decay in most age groups, with the differences being most clear cut among
younger children (Public Health England, 2013). Extraction of carious teeth is the
most common cause for hospital admission for young children in the UK (Elmer
et al., 2014).
Markers and measures and their related health outcomes
Table 4.1: Risk factors and measures for cardio-metabolic and colo-rectal health
Risk factors and measures considered
Blood pressure:
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Fasting blood lipid concentrations:
Total cholesterol
HDL-cholesterol
LDL-cholesterol
LDL-cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol
Total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol
Non-HDL-cholesterol
Triacylglycerol
Non esterified fatty acids
Apolipoproteins (A1 & B)
Lipoprotein (a)
Coronary & vascular factors:
Coronary calcification
Aortic calcification
Carotid plaque formation
Pulse wave velocity
Flow mediated dilatation
Vascular compliance
Arterial compliance
Inflammatory markers:
Acute phase protein (including CRP, serum
amyloid A)
Cytokines (including IL-6, tumour necrosis
factor-α)
Adhesion molecules
Clotting cascade (including clotting
associated factor PAI-1, fibrinogen, factor VII)
Related
outcomes
cardiovascular
diseases and
renal impairment
cardiovascular
diseases
cardiovascular
diseases
cardiovascular
diseases and
type 2 diabetes
mellitus
References
MacMahon et al.,
1990; Whelton,
1994; Lewington
et al., 2002; Bidani
& Griffin, 2002;
Shammas, 2007
Gordon & Rifkind,
1989; Rader et al.,
2003; Lewington et
al., 2007; Shammas,
2007; Brainin
& Heiss, 2009;
Goldberg et al., 2011;
Miller et al., 2011
Wilson et al., 2001;
Kelm, 2002; Witte et
al., 2005; Mattace-
Raso et al., 2006;
Yeboah et al., 2007;
Finn et al., 2010;
Janner et al., 2012
Ross, 1999; Libby
et al., 2002; Kolb &
Mandrup-Poulsen,
2005; Basu et al.,
2006; Wang et al.,
2013
34