Carbohydrates and Health

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332 Johnstone AM, Shannon E, Whybrow S, Reid CA & Stubbs RJ (2000) Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men. British Journal of Nutrition 83, 7-14. Joosen AM, Kuhnle GG, Runswick SA & Bingham SA (2008) Urinary sucrose and fructose as biomarkers of sugar consumption: comparison of normal weight and obese volunteers. Int J Obes (Lond) 32, 1736-1740. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Spiegelman D & Willett WC (1999) Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 282, 1233-1239. Joshipura KJ, Hung HC, Li TY, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G & Willett WC (2009) Intakes of fruits, vegetables and carbohydrate and the risk of CVD. Public Health Nutrition 12, 115-121. Kallestal C & Fjelddahl A (2007) A four-year cohort study of caries and its risk factors in adolescents with high and low risk at baseline. Swed Dent J 31, 11-25. Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, Eerola E, Kero P, Salminen S & Isolauri E (2001) Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107, 129-134. Kalliomaki M, Carmen Collado M, Salminen S & Isolauri E (2008) Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 534-538. Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE & Riboli E (1997) Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer 28, 276-281. Kaushik S, Wang JJ, Wong TY, Flood V, Barclay A, Brand-Miller J & Mitchell P (2009) Glycemic index, retinal vascular caliber, and stroke mortality. Stroke 40, 206-212. Keenan JM, Goulson M, Shamliyan T, Knutson N, Kolberg L & Curry L (2007) The effects of concentrated barley beta-glucan on blood lipids in a population of hypercholesterolaemic men and women. [erratum appears in Br J Nutr. 2007 Aug;98(2):445]. British Journal of Nutrition 97, 1162-1168. Kelm M (2002) Flow-mediated dilatation in human circulation: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, H1-H5. Kelsay JL, Behall KM & Prather ES (1978) Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 1149-1153. Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD & Clifton PM (2007) Effects of weight loss on a lowcarbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adiponectin. British Journal of Nutrition 98, 852-859.
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Carbohydrates and Health 2015
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Published by TSO (The Stationery Of
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performed the systematic review on
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Colo-rectal health Children and ado
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5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
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Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
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Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
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Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
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Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
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S.21 It is recommended that dietar
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1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
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used as the primary dietary assessm
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2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
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β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
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2.19 The amount of energy yielded
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Definitions used in different dieta
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2.32 In the United States ‘total
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is associated with higher incidence
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3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
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3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
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3.24 At a broad food category leve
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were also significant contributors.
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4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
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loose stools with fast transit thro
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Risk factors and measures considere
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important in trials assessing effec
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5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
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Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
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evidence of an effect of higher car
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Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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to exclude confounding by concomita
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholest
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Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
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not be included in a meta-analysis
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Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
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concomitant weight loss on fasting
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5.105 Due to variation between the
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carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
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5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
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Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
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5.138 No significant association is
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Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence -
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5.151 The trials do provide eviden
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6.7 No significant association is o
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al., 2006), which left an insuffici
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Sugars and energy intake • Effect
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Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
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Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
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sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
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6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
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foods. Five of these adjusted their
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Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
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that met the inclusion criteria. As
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7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
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7.11 No association was found betwe
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were combined into a meta-analysis
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7.25 Findings from prospective coh
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2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
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Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
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Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
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2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
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metabolic review, cardiovascular di
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Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
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(Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
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Faecal weight and intestinal transi
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Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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al., 2008). The data on dietary int
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observes an increase in bowel movem
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Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
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Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
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Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
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increases in vegetable, fruit, and
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8.150 Due to variation between the
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Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
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Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
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9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
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Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
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trial administers 21g/day inulin co
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coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
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Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
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9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
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1999c) or retrograde resistant star
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9.61 All three trials demonstrate
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Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
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9.76 Of the five trials that inves
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Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
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10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
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Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
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10.18 No significant effect of GI i
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Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
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10.38 No significant effect is demo
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health review (Greenwood et al., 20
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Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
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11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
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energy compensation (degree of volu
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Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
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with any adverse effects on growth
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Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
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12 Overall summary and conclusions
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permanent dentitions. There is a la
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supplements on recurrence of colo-r
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• With the proposed reduction in
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sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
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ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
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frequency and age. For oral cancer,
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framework for the evaluation of evi
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• Whether the effect or associati
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Commentary on the evidence on fruct
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A3.9 There are few data from trial
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mechanism may have been acting for
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Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
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Randomised controlled trials A4.14
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
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TableA4.5: Results from prospective
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likely to progress in subjects who
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Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
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A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
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Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
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Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
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Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
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a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
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Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
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Risk factor/health outcome/measure
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IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
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A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
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A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
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Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
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Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
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P P er er c c ent ent Top tw Top tw
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Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
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Table 3.13b: Total quantities consu
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Table 3.16: continued Aged 1.5 year
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Page 295 and 296: Table 3.19b: Top 20 contributors to
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Page 299 and 300: Table 3.20a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 301 and 302: Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 303 and 304: Table 3.20e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 305 and 306: Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 307 and 308: Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 309 and 310: Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 311 and 312: Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 313 and 314: Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 315 and 316: A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
Page 317 and 318: A9.3 The difference in sugars inta
Page 319 and 320: References Abete I, Parra D & Marti
Page 321 and 322: Asayama K, Thijs L, Brguljan-Hitij
Page 323 and 324: Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Jau MS, K
Page 325 and 326: Bouhnik Y, Flourie B, Riottot M, Bi
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Page 329 and 330: COMA (1991) Dietary Reference Value
Page 331 and 332: Davy BM, Melby CL, Beske SD, Ho RC,
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