Carbohydrates and Health

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5.143 Overall, there was no evidence of an association between total carbohydrate intake and follow-up BMI in any of these studies of children and adolescents. 5.144 Four cohort studies were identified that presented evidence on total carbohydrate intake as % energy in relation to body fatness and fat distribution (Twisk et al., 1998; Boreham et al., 1999; Magarey et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2008). The assessments of body fatness were insufficiently comparable to enable a meta-analysis to be performed. No further studies were identified in the update search (Cardiometabolic review, obesity chapter). 5.145 Three of the studies indicate no association between total carbohydrate intake and body fatness in children and adolescents, but one study indicates a higher total carbohydrate intake is associated with increased triceps skinfold measurement (Magarey et al., 2001). Total carbohydrate intake (% energy) and body mass index and body fatness • No association • Limited evidence Outcomes where there is insufficient or inconsistent evidence 8 5.146 The tables below detail the exposures and outcomes where there are two or fewer studies that meet the inclusion criteria for the review (e.g. by study duration, publication date, health of subjects, design of intervention), or where the studies are too inconsistent, to draw a conclusion as per the grading system in Annex 2. A full description of the studies can be found in the relevant systematic reviews. Table 5.1: Insufficient evidence - cohort studies Risk factor/health outcome/measure Coronary calcification Aortic calcification Blood pressure Fasting blood lipids Fibrinogen Body weight (children) Body mass index and body fatness (children) Weight gain Fat distribution (adults and children) Energy intake (children) Eating motivation Impaired glucose tolerance Insulinaemia HbA1c Cardiovascular disease events Coronary events Stroke Type 2 diabetes mellitus Exposure Total carbohydrate (g/day or % energy) Dietary patterns 72 8 See Annex 2 paragraph A2.21 for criteria.
Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence - randomised controlled trials Risk factor/health outcome Cardiovascular disease Pulse wave velocity Augmentation index IL-6 Serum-amyloid A, ICAM-1 VCAM-1 E-selectin P-selectin, tPA, Factor VII Fibrinogen Total body fat (children) Hip circumference Type 2 diabetes mellitus AUC insulin Insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test Exposure Higher carbohydrate diets Higher carbohydrate, lower protein diets Higher carbohydrate, lower fat and protein diets Table 5.3: Inconsistent evidence - cohort studies Measure Body weight Energy intake (adults) Exposure Total carbohydrate Table 5.4: Inconsistent evidence - randomised controlled trials Risk factor/health outcome/measure Apolipoproteins A-1, B Lipoprotein a PAI-1 Central and peripheral fat Eating motivation LDL-cholesterol TAG Energy intake Waist circumference Energy intake Exposure Higher carbohydrate diets Higher carbohydrate and lower fat diets Higher carbohydrate, lower fat and/or lower protein diets Higher carbohydrate, lower protein diets 73
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Carbohydrates and Health 2015
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Published by TSO (The Stationery Of
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performed the systematic review on
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Colo-rectal health Children and ado
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5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
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Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
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Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
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Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
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Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
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S.21 It is recommended that dietar
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1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
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used as the primary dietary assessm
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2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
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β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
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2.19 The amount of energy yielded
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Definitions used in different dieta
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2.32 In the United States ‘total
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Page 37 and 38: 3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
Page 39 and 40: 3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
Page 41 and 42: 3.24 At a broad food category leve
Page 43 and 44: were also significant contributors.
Page 45 and 46: 4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
Page 47 and 48: loose stools with fast transit thro
Page 49 and 50: Risk factors and measures considere
Page 51 and 52: important in trials assessing effec
Page 53 and 54: 5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
Page 55 and 56: Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 57 and 58: Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
Page 59 and 60: evidence of an effect of higher car
Page 61 and 62: Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 63 and 64: to exclude confounding by concomita
Page 65 and 66: Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
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Page 69 and 70: Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
Page 71 and 72: not be included in a meta-analysis
Page 73 and 74: Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
Page 75 and 76: concomitant weight loss on fasting
Page 77 and 78: 5.105 Due to variation between the
Page 79 and 80: carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
Page 81 and 82: 5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
Page 83 and 84: Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
Page 85: 5.138 No significant association is
Page 89 and 90: 5.151 The trials do provide eviden
Page 91 and 92: 6.7 No significant association is o
Page 93 and 94: al., 2006), which left an insuffici
Page 95 and 96: Sugars and energy intake • Effect
Page 97 and 98: Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
Page 99 and 100: Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
Page 101 and 102: sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
Page 103 and 104: 6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
Page 105 and 106: foods. Five of these adjusted their
Page 107 and 108: Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
Page 109 and 110: that met the inclusion criteria. As
Page 111 and 112: 7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
Page 113 and 114: 7.11 No association was found betwe
Page 115 and 116: were combined into a meta-analysis
Page 117 and 118: 7.25 Findings from prospective coh
Page 119 and 120: 2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
Page 121 and 122: Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
Page 123 and 124: Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
Page 125 and 126: 2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
Page 127 and 128: metabolic review, cardiovascular di
Page 129 and 130: Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
Page 131 and 132: (Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
Page 133 and 134: Faecal weight and intestinal transi
Page 135 and 136: Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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al., 2008). The data on dietary int
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observes an increase in bowel movem
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Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
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Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
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Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
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increases in vegetable, fruit, and
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8.150 Due to variation between the
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Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
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Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
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9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
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Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
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trial administers 21g/day inulin co
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coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
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Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
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9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
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1999c) or retrograde resistant star
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9.61 All three trials demonstrate
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Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
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9.76 Of the five trials that inves
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Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
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10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
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Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
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10.18 No significant effect of GI i
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Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
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10.38 No significant effect is demo
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health review (Greenwood et al., 20
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Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
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11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
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energy compensation (degree of volu
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Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
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with any adverse effects on growth
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Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
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12 Overall summary and conclusions
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permanent dentitions. There is a la
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supplements on recurrence of colo-r
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• With the proposed reduction in
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sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
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ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
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frequency and age. For oral cancer,
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framework for the evaluation of evi
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• Whether the effect or associati
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Commentary on the evidence on fruct
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A3.9 There are few data from trial
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mechanism may have been acting for
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Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
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Randomised controlled trials A4.14
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
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TableA4.5: Results from prospective
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likely to progress in subjects who
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Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
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A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
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Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
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Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
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Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
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a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
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Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
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Risk factor/health outcome/measure
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IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
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A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
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A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
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Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
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Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
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P P er er c c ent ent Top tw Top tw
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Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
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Table 3.13b: Total quantities consu
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Table 3.16: continued Aged 1.5 year
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Table 3.19b: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.19d: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20a: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20e: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
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A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
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A9.3 The difference in sugars inta
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References Abete I, Parra D & Marti
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Asayama K, Thijs L, Brguljan-Hitij
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Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Jau MS, K
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