Carbohydrates and Health

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Carbohydrates and Health Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition 2015 London: TSO
Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: Online www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk Textphone: 0870 240 3701 TSO@Blackwell and other Accredited Agents Customers can also order publications from: TSO Ireland 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD Tel: 028 9023 8451 Fax: 028 9023 5401 © Crown copyright 2015 Published for Public Health England under licence from the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ISBN: 978 0 11 708284 7 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited
Page 1: Carbohydrates and Health 2015
Page 5 and 6: performed the systematic review on
Page 7 and 8: Colo-rectal health Children and ado
Page 9 and 10: 5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
Page 11 and 12: Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
Page 13 and 14: Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
Page 15 and 16: Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
Page 17 and 18: Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
Page 19 and 20: S.21 It is recommended that dietar
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
Page 23 and 24: used as the primary dietary assessm
Page 25 and 26: 2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
Page 27 and 28: β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
Page 29 and 30: 2.19 The amount of energy yielded
Page 31 and 32: Definitions used in different dieta
Page 33 and 34: 2.32 In the United States ‘total
Page 35 and 36: is associated with higher incidence
Page 37 and 38: 3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
Page 39 and 40: 3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
Page 41 and 42: 3.24 At a broad food category leve
Page 43 and 44: were also significant contributors.
Page 45 and 46: 4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
Page 47 and 48: loose stools with fast transit thro
Page 49 and 50: Risk factors and measures considere
Page 51 and 52: important in trials assessing effec
Page 53 and 54:
5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
Page 55 and 56:
Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
Page 59 and 60:
evidence of an effect of higher car
Page 61 and 62:
Higher carbohydrate, average protei
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to exclude confounding by concomita
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
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Fasting LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholest
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Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
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not be included in a meta-analysis
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Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
Page 75 and 76:
concomitant weight loss on fasting
Page 77 and 78:
5.105 Due to variation between the
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carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
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5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
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Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
Page 85 and 86:
5.138 No significant association is
Page 87 and 88:
Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence -
Page 89 and 90:
5.151 The trials do provide eviden
Page 91 and 92:
6.7 No significant association is o
Page 93 and 94:
al., 2006), which left an insuffici
Page 95 and 96:
Sugars and energy intake • Effect
Page 97 and 98:
Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
Page 99 and 100:
Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
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sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
Page 103 and 104:
6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
Page 105 and 106:
foods. Five of these adjusted their
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
Page 109 and 110:
that met the inclusion criteria. As
Page 111 and 112:
7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
Page 113 and 114:
7.11 No association was found betwe
Page 115 and 116:
were combined into a meta-analysis
Page 117 and 118:
7.25 Findings from prospective coh
Page 119 and 120:
2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
Page 121 and 122:
Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
Page 123 and 124:
Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
Page 125 and 126:
2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
Page 127 and 128:
metabolic review, cardiovascular di
Page 129 and 130:
Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
Page 131 and 132:
(Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
Page 133 and 134:
Faecal weight and intestinal transi
Page 135 and 136:
Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
Page 137 and 138:
Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
Page 139 and 140:
Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
Page 141 and 142:
al., 2008). The data on dietary int
Page 143 and 144:
observes an increase in bowel movem
Page 145 and 146:
Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
Page 147 and 148:
Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
Page 149 and 150:
Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
Page 151 and 152:
increases in vegetable, fruit, and
Page 153 and 154:
8.150 Due to variation between the
Page 155 and 156:
Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
Page 157 and 158:
Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
Page 159 and 160:
9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
Page 161 and 162:
Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
Page 163 and 164:
trial administers 21g/day inulin co
Page 165 and 166:
coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
Page 167 and 168:
Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
Page 169 and 170:
9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
Page 171 and 172:
1999c) or retrograde resistant star
Page 173 and 174:
9.61 All three trials demonstrate
Page 175 and 176:
Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
Page 177 and 178:
9.76 Of the five trials that inves
Page 179 and 180:
Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
Page 181 and 182:
10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
Page 183 and 184:
Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
Page 185 and 186:
10.18 No significant effect of GI i
Page 187 and 188:
Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
Page 189 and 190:
10.38 No significant effect is demo
Page 191 and 192:
health review (Greenwood et al., 20
Page 193 and 194:
Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
Page 195 and 196:
11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
Page 197 and 198:
energy compensation (degree of volu
Page 199 and 200:
Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
Page 201 and 202:
with any adverse effects on growth
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
Page 205 and 206:
12 Overall summary and conclusions
Page 207 and 208:
permanent dentitions. There is a la
Page 209 and 210:
supplements on recurrence of colo-r
Page 211 and 212:
• With the proposed reduction in
Page 213 and 214:
sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
Page 215 and 216:
ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
Page 217 and 218:
frequency and age. For oral cancer,
Page 219 and 220:
framework for the evaluation of evi
Page 221 and 222:
• Whether the effect or associati
Page 223 and 224:
Commentary on the evidence on fruct
Page 225 and 226:
A3.9 There are few data from trial
Page 227 and 228:
mechanism may have been acting for
Page 229 and 230:
Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
Page 231 and 232:
Randomised controlled trials A4.14
Page 233 and 234:
Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
Page 235 and 236:
Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
Page 237 and 238:
TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
Page 239 and 240:
TableA4.5: Results from prospective
Page 241 and 242:
likely to progress in subjects who
Page 243 and 244:
Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
Page 245 and 246:
A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
Page 247 and 248:
Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
Page 249 and 250:
Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
Page 251 and 252:
Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
Page 253 and 254:
a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
Page 255 and 256:
Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
Page 257 and 258:
Risk factor/health outcome/measure
Page 259 and 260:
IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
Page 261 and 262:
A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
Page 263 and 264:
A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
Page 265 and 266:
Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
Page 267 and 268:
Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
Page 269 and 270:
P P er er c c ent ent Top tw Top tw
Page 271 and 272:
Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
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Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Table 3.13b: Total quantities consu
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Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 3.16: continued Aged 1.5 year
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Table 3.19b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 297 and 298:
Table 3.19d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 299 and 300:
Table 3.20a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 301 and 302:
Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 303 and 304:
Table 3.20e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 305 and 306:
Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
Page 307 and 308:
Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
Page 309 and 310:
Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
Page 311 and 312:
Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
Page 313 and 314:
Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
Page 315 and 316:
A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
Page 317 and 318:
A9.3 The difference in sugars inta
Page 319 and 320:
References Abete I, Parra D & Marti
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Asayama K, Thijs L, Brguljan-Hitij
Page 323 and 324:
Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Jau MS, K
Page 325 and 326:
Bouhnik Y, Flourie B, Riottot M, Bi
Page 327 and 328:
Campain AC, Morgan MV, Evans RW, Ug
Page 329 and 330:
COMA (1991) Dietary Reference Value
Page 331 and 332:
Davy BM, Melby CL, Beske SD, Ho RC,
Page 333 and 334:
Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR & Astrup A
Page 335 and 336:
Esrey KL, Joseph L & Grover SA (199
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Francois IE, Lescroart O, Veraverbe
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Grasten SM, Juntunen KS, Poutanen K
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Health and Social Care Information
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Howarth NC, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR,
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Jenkins DJ, Vuksan V, Kendall CW, W
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Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M,
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Kvaavik E, Andersen LF & Klepp KI (
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Levine RS, Nugent ZJ, Rudolf MC & S
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Livesey G (2003) Health potential o
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Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, e
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Nissinen K, Mikkila V, Mannisto S,
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Pasman W, Wils D, Saniez MH & Kardi
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Pitts NB, Chestnutt IG, Evans D, Wh
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Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis--an i
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Vester Boler BM, Serao MC, Bauer LL
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West NX, Hughes JA, Parker D, Weave
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Wycherley TP, Brinkworth GD, Keogh
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