Carbohydrates and Health

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28 3.33 Children aged 4-18 years consumed 18-19 g/day of sugar and chocolate confectionery. Adults consumed 11-14g/day of table sugar, preserves and sweet spreads (mainly as table sugar). Socio-economic differences in carbohydrate intakes 3.34 Analysis by equivalised household income in NDNS showed that for adults aged 19-64 years the lowest income quintile for both men and women consumed a higher percentage of energy from total carbohydrate than did the highest quintile. No clear pattern was seen in other age groups. 3.35 Overall, mean intakes of NMES for adults tended to be higher in the lowest income quintile compared with the highest. For example in women aged 19-64 years mean NMES intake was significantly higher in the lowest quintile (12.7% total dietary energy) compared with the highest (10.0%). This pattern was not seen in children and in boys 4-10 years the lowest quintile had significantly lower % energy from NMES than did the highest. 3.36 There is a clear income gradient in non-starch polysaccharide intake with the NDNS showing lower intakes in the lowest income quintile compared to the highest in most age groups. This partly reflects lower fruit and vegetable consumption in lower income groups. For example in women 19-64 years, latest NDNS data show a significantly lower non-starch polysaccharide intake in the lowest quintile (11.8g/day) compared with the highest quintile (13.7g/day). However mean intakes were below the DRV in all income quintiles. 3.37 Evidence from other surveys confirm the socio-economic gradient. The Family Food Survey, based on household food purchases, found that the proportion of energy coming from NMES in the household diet was higher in the lowest income quintile compared with the highest while the non-starch polysaccharide content of food purchased by households in the lowest income quintile was lower than that of the food purchased by households in the highest quintile. 3.38 The UK Low income diet and nutrition survey carried out in 2003-2005 found that intakes of carbohydrates were generally similar to those in the general population although where intakes failed to meet DRVs this tended to be more marked in the low income/materially deprived population. Mean intakes of total carbohydrate were similar to intakes in the current NDNS (2008-2012) but mean intakes of nonmilk extrinsic sugars as a percentage of energy were higher than the current NDNS and also higher than in previous NDNS carried out in the 1990s while mean intakes of non-starch polysaccharides were lower than current and previous intakes in NDNS. Summary 3.39 UK NDNS data show that mean intakes of total carbohydrate meet or are close to meeting recommendations in all age groups while intake of NMES exceeded recommendations in all age groups and were particularly high in children. Soft drinks provided almost a third of the intake of non-milk extrinsic sugars in children aged 11-18 years. Biscuits, buns, cakes, and puddings, confectionery and fruit juice
were also significant contributors. Non-starch polysaccharide intakes were below recommended levels for adults. There is evidence from NDNS and other surveys of a socio-economic gradient in intakes of both sugar and fibre, with higher intakes of NMES as a percentage of energy for adults and lower intakes of non-starch polysaccharide for both adults and children in the lower income groups. 3.40 Intake data for non-digestible oligosaccharides and resistant starches are not available from the UK NDNS. A consideration of other dietary surveys in the UK and other countries that do provide estimates of non-digestible oligosaccharides and resistant starches intakes is given in Chapter 9. 29
Page 1 and 2: Carbohydrates and Health 2015
Page 3 and 4: Published by TSO (The Stationery Of
Page 5 and 6: performed the systematic review on
Page 7 and 8: Colo-rectal health Children and ado
Page 9 and 10: 5 Fibre isolates 233 Psyllium 233
Page 11 and 12: Dr David Mela Prof. Angus Walls (si
Page 13 and 14: Prof. Ian Macdonald Prof. of Metab
Page 15 and 16: Summary S.1 Carbohydrates are a ma
Page 17 and 18: Sugars and sugars-sweetened foods a
Page 19 and 20: S.21 It is recommended that dietar
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction and methods Backgrou
Page 23 and 24: used as the primary dietary assessm
Page 25 and 26: 2.3 Carbohydrates can be classifie
Page 27 and 28: β-glucans are a heterogeneous grou
Page 29 and 30: 2.19 The amount of energy yielded
Page 31 and 32: Definitions used in different dieta
Page 33 and 34: 2.32 In the United States ‘total
Page 35 and 36: is associated with higher incidence
Page 37 and 38: 3 Dietary sources and intakes of ca
Page 39 and 40: 3.12 In adults aged 19-64 years, s
Page 41: 3.24 At a broad food category leve
Page 45 and 46: 4.5 Obesity occurs when energy int
Page 47 and 48: loose stools with fast transit thro
Page 49 and 50: Risk factors and measures considere
Page 51 and 52: important in trials assessing effec
Page 53 and 54: 5.18 Two cohort studies were identi
Page 55 and 56: Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 57 and 58: Fasting blood lipids 5.32 Fifty ei
Page 59 and 60: evidence of an effect of higher car
Page 61 and 62: Higher carbohydrate, average protei
Page 63 and 64: to exclude confounding by concomita
Page 65 and 66: Fasting LDL-cholesterol 5.57 Twenty
Page 67 and 68: Fasting LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholest
Page 69 and 70: Carbohydrate diets and C-reactive p
Page 71 and 72: not be included in a meta-analysis
Page 73 and 74: Phillips et al., 2008; Due et al.,
Page 75 and 76: concomitant weight loss on fasting
Page 77 and 78: 5.105 Due to variation between the
Page 79 and 80: carbohydrates was less than 5% betw
Page 81 and 82: 5.121 The heterogeneity is above t
Page 83 and 84: Higher carbohydrate and lower fat d
Page 85 and 86: 5.138 No significant association is
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.2: Insufficient evidence -
Page 89 and 90: 5.151 The trials do provide eviden
Page 91 and 92: 6.7 No significant association is o
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al., 2006), which left an insuffici
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Sugars and energy intake • Effect
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Sucrose (g/day) and type 2 diabetes
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Sugars-sweetened beverages (ml/day)
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sugars-sweetened and non-caloricall
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6.53 No meta-analyses have been con
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foods. Five of these adjusted their
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Table 6.1: continued Risk factor/he
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that met the inclusion criteria. As
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7 Starch and starch-rich foods 7.1
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7.11 No association was found betwe
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were combined into a meta-analysis
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7.25 Findings from prospective coh
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2011; Park et al., 2011; Wallstrom
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Hays et al., 2006). The data were i
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Dietary fibre and fasting insulin c
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2007; Schatzkin et al., 2007; Wakai
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metabolic review, cardiovascular di
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Fruit fibre (g/day) and coronary ev
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(Salmeron et al., 1997a; Salmeron e
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Faecal weight and intestinal transi
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Coronary events 8.76 Eight cohort s
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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Oat bran and β-glucans and fasting
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al., 2008). The data on dietary int
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observes an increase in bowel movem
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Cereal fibre (g/day) and colo-recta
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Total cereals Cardiovascular diseas
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Whole grains (serving/day) and hype
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increases in vegetable, fruit, and
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8.150 Due to variation between the
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Table 8.1: continued Risk factor/he
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Table 8.3: Inconsistent evidence Ri
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9 Non-digestible oligosaccharides,
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Forcheron & Beylot, 2007). One tria
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trial administers 21g/day inulin co
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coffee (Walton et al., 2010). All t
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Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides 9.33
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9.42 An effect of raw resistant sta
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1999c) or retrograde resistant star
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9.61 All three trials demonstrate
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Non-digestible oligosaccharide (fru
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9.76 Of the five trials that inves
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Table 9.2: Inconsistent evidence -
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10 Glycaemic index and glycaemic lo
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Stroke 10.10 Three cohort studies w
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10.18 No significant effect of GI i
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Glycaemic index (unit/day) and fast
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10.38 No significant effect is demo
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health review (Greenwood et al., 20
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Table 10.1: Insufficient evidence -
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11 Dietary recommendations 11.1 T
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energy compensation (degree of volu
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Dietary fibre 11.17 In 1991 COMA s
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with any adverse effects on growth
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Figure 11.4: Risk of type 2 diabete
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12 Overall summary and conclusions
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permanent dentitions. There is a la
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supplements on recurrence of colo-r
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• With the proposed reduction in
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sweet spreads, fruit juice, confect
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ANNEX 1 Cardio-metabolic, colo-rect
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frequency and age. For oral cancer,
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framework for the evaluation of evi
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• Whether the effect or associati
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Commentary on the evidence on fruct
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A3.9 There are few data from trial
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mechanism may have been acting for
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Table A4.1: Prospective cohort stud
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Randomised controlled trials A4.14
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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Table A4.3: continued Study Trial d
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TableA4.4: Risk of bias assessment
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TableA4.5: Results from prospective
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likely to progress in subjects who
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Table A4.6: continued Study Interve
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A4.37 The effect of one litre a day
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Fibre isolates ANNEX 5 A5.1 Prospe
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Constipation A5.9 Four randomised c
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Isolated gums and gelling agent sup
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a meta-analysis. Overall, the trial
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Mixed isolated gums and gelling age
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Risk factor/health outcome/measure
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IL-6 Interleukin 6 J Joule kcal Kil
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A7.4 Higher birth weight is associ
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A7.17 One cohort study observed tha
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Carbohydrate intake (% energy) and
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Summary and conclusions A7.31 This
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P P er er c c ent ent Top tw Top tw
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Table 3.2: Average daily intake of
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Table 3.13b: Total quantities consu
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Table 3.16: continued Aged 1.5 year
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Table 3.19b: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.19d: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20a: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20c: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.20e: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.21b: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.21d: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22a: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22c: Top 20 contributors to
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Table 3.22e: Top 20 contributors to
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A9.1 The meta-analysis was perform
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A9.3 The difference in sugars inta
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Carbohydrates and Health

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