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HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN:<br />
WHO COLLABORATIVE CROSS-<strong>NATIONAL</strong> STUDY (HBSC)<br />
2014 SURVEY IN SCOTLAND <strong>NATIONAL</strong> REPORT<br />
INJURIES<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Any physical damage to the body can be considered an injury; here we are concerned with injury that is sufficiently severe<br />
to require medical treatment. In industrialised countries, injury is the single greatest cause of death in young people,<br />
although prevalence of injury-related deaths is higher in low and middle-income countries 1 . The high frequency of nonfatal<br />
injury (with around 50% of adolescents reporting a serious injury in the last year) makes injury a very important factor<br />
in adolescent health 2 . Unintentional injuries accounted for approximately 1 in 7 emergency hospital admissions for children<br />
in Scotland in 2011/2012 3 .<br />
There is a link between socio-economic status (SES) and type of adolescent injury: low SES is associated with higher risk<br />
of being injured through fighting and increased risk of being so severely injured as to require hospitalisation; high SES is<br />
associated with higher risk of injury through sport or other recreational activity 4 .<br />
Globally, the leading causes of injury among children are road traffic accidents, drowning, fire-related burns, self-harm<br />
and violence 1 . Most non-fatal injuries occur in the home or at a sporting facility. Boys report higher levels of injury than<br />
girls 5 , which is likely related to higher levels of risk-taking behaviours in boys. Early engagement in risky behaviours is<br />
considered to be a marker for a trajectory that places young people at higher risk for physical injury 6 . Such behaviours are<br />
the strongest predictor of risk of injury in adolescents 2 .<br />
At the start of the period between 2005 and 2011, injury rate due to maltreatment and violence was twice as high in<br />
Scotland as in England among 11-18 year olds. Over this six-year period, the disparity declined and the overall rate of such<br />
injuries reduced, as did the rate of injuries in young people through causes unrelated to maltreatment or violence 7 . Scottish<br />
data from the period 1982-2006 on death through injury in children 14 years and younger, followed the international<br />
trend of higher rates in males. This was true for poisoning, falls, suicide, drowning, suffocation and road-traffic accidents.<br />
However, this male excess declined markedly during the same time period 8 . Furthermore, it was found that children<br />
residing in less affluent areas were at relatively greater risk of deaths related to head injury and this effect was strongest<br />
in 10-14 year olds 9 .<br />
A supportive social environment has been shown to reduce adolescent participation in risk-taking behaviours (such as<br />
drunkenness, drug-use, non-use of seatbelts) and hence in risk of injury 10 . Societies that introduced initiatives to improve<br />
safety for adolescents, appear to have succeeded in reducing injury morbidity 11 . In May 2011, NHS Health Scotland produced<br />
a briefing on the prevention of unintentional injuries for children and young people 12 . This supplements the 2007 Child Safety<br />
Strategy 13 , which outlines the Scottish Government’s framework for delivering improvements in healthcare for children<br />
and young people in Scotland for the next ten years. Preventative health care proposals aimed at front-line practitioners,<br />
clinical leaders and others involved in the planning and delivery of health services to children and their families are set out in<br />
A New Look At Hall 4: The Early Years Good Health for Every Child 14 . The Child Safety Report Card was prepared in 2012 as a<br />
means of measuring progress towards, and setting targets for reducing unintentional injury-related death and disability<br />
amongst European children and adolescents 15 .<br />
HBSC FINDINGS<br />
Since 2002, the HBSC study has asked young people about injuries requiring medical attention during the previous<br />
12 months. In 2014, young people were also asked where the most serious injury happened and what they were doing<br />
when it occurred. Those that were injured were asked whether their most serious injury required hospital treatment.<br />
MEDICALLY ATTENDED INJURIES<br />
Almost half of young people (45%) suffered at least one medically-treated injury in the past 12 months. There is little variation<br />
in the prevalence of injuries across the three age groups (Figure 15.1). However, at all three ages, more boys than girls have<br />
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