HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN: WHO COLLABORATIVE CROSS-<strong>NATIONAL</strong> STUDY (HBSC) 2014 SURVEY IN SCOTLAND <strong>NATIONAL</strong> REPORT BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) Standardised BMI cut-offs are used to create the following four categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese 14,15 . Self-reported BMI tends to be lower than that obtained via objective examination, hence the proportion of obese and overweight individuals may be underestimated here 16 . In the 2014 Scottish HBSC survey, only a minority of young people gave valid responses for both their height and weight: 21% of 11-year olds, 28% of 13-year olds and 39% of 15-year olds. Therefore, the results shown are based on data from 15-year old pupils only. Of those 15-year olds who reported height and weight data, three out of four (74%) are classified as having a normal weight (Figure 9.5). More boys than girls are classified as overweight (14% of boys compared with 6% of girls). A similar percentage of boys (10%) and girls (13%) are classified as underweight, yet this is a relatively neglected public health issue. The distribution of weight groups according to BMI has not changed relative to 2010, when 48% of 15-year olds gave valid height and weight responses. REFERENCES 1 Abbott, B.D. and Barber, B.L. (2010). Embodied image: Gender differences in functional and aesthetic body image among Australian adolescents. Body Image, 7: 22-31. 2 Presnell, K., Bearman, S.K. and Stice, E. (2004). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36: 389-401. 3 Ojala, K., Vereecken, C., Valimaa, R., Currie, C., Villberg, J., Tynjala, J. and Kannas, L. (2007). Attempts to lose weight among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: a cross national survey. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4: 50. 4 Currie, C., Gabhainn, S.N., Godeau, E., Roberts, R.S., Currie, D., Picket, W. and Richter, M. (2008). Inequalities in Young People’s Health: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. International Report from the 2005/2006 Survey Health Policy for Children and Adolescents. 5 Al Sabbah, H., Vereecken, C.A., Elgar, F.J., Nansel, T., Aasvee, K., Abdeen, Z., Ojala, K., Ahluwalia, N. and Maes, L. (2009). Body weight dissatisfaction and communication with parents among adolescents in 24 countries: international cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 9(1): 52. 6 Davison, T.E. and McCabe, M.P. (2006). Adolescent body image and psychosocial functioning. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(1): 15-30. 7 Williams, J.M., and Currie, C. (2000). Self-esteem and physical development in early adolescence: pubertal timing and body image. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 20(2): 129-149. 8 Huang, J.S., Norman, G.J., Zabinski, M.F., Calfas, K. and Patrick, K. (2007). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents undergoing an intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(3): 245-251. 9 Farhat, T., Iannotti, R.J. and Caccavale, L.J. (2014). Adolescent Overweight, Obesity and Chronic Disease-Related Health Practices: Mediation by Body Image. Obesity facts, 7(1): 1. 10 Scottish Parliament (2015). SPICe Briefing: Obesity in Scotland. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_15-01_Obesity_in_Scotland.pdf Accessed June 2015. 11 The Scottish Government (2010). Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Scotland. A Route Map Towards Healthy Weight. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 12 NHS Health Scotland (2010). Evaluation of HEAT 3: The Child Healthy Weight Programme. http://www.healthscotland.com/uploads/documents/15255-Evaluation%20of%20HEAT%203%20The%20Child%20Healthy%20Weight%20Programme.pdf Accessed May 2015. 13 Scottish Government (2011). Good Places Better Health for Scotland’s Children. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 14 Cole T.J, Bellizzi M.C, Flegal K.M. and Dietz W.H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. British Medical Journal, 320: 1240-1243. 15 Cole T.J., Flegal, K.M., Nicholls, D. and Jackson, A.A. (2007). Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. British Medical Journal, 335: 194-197. 16 Elgar, F.J., Roberts, C., Tudor-Smith, C. and Moore, L. (2005). Validity of self-reported height and weight and predictors of bias in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(5): 371-375. 56
HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN: WHO COLLABORATIVE CROSS-<strong>NATIONAL</strong> STUDY (HBSC) 2014 SURVEY IN SCOTLAND <strong>NATIONAL</strong> REPORT HEALTH BEHAVIOUR IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN: WHO COLLABORATIVE CROSS-<strong>NATIONAL</strong> STUDY (HBSC) 2014 SURVEY IN SCOTLAND <strong>NATIONAL</strong> REPORT • 77% of young people in Scotland brush their teeth at least twice a day • There has been a gradual increase in the proportion of boys and girls that brush their teeth two or more times a day since 1990 • Since 1990, boys have been less likely than girls to brush their teeth two or more times a day • This gender difference in tooth brushing has been gradually reducing since 1990 • Marked improvement in tooth brushing was seen among 15-year old boys between 2010 and 2014 10 TOOTH BRUSHING 57
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