Rig Veda

RIG VEDA – COMMENTARIES & INTERPRETATION
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THE CONCEPT OF YUGA (AGES) IN HINDUISM
In Hindu tradition, the world goes through a continuous cycle of these epochs. Each ascending phase of the cycle
from Kali Yuga to Satya Yuga is followed by a descending phase back to Kali Yuga, then another ascending
phase and so on. Alternatively, it is sometimes supposed that at the end of the descending Kali Yuga, the world
will return to the Satya Yuga, and begin a new decline.
The descent from Satya to Kali is associated with progressively deterioration of Dharma (righteousness)
manifested as decrease in length of human life and quality of human moral standards. In the Vishnu Purana, for
example, the Kali yuga is described thus:
"In the Kali Yuga, there will be numerous rulers vying with each other. They will have no character. Violence,
falsehood and wickedness will be the order of the day. Piety and good nature will dwindle slowly... Passion and
lust will be the only attraction between the sexes. Women will be the objects of sensual pleasure. Dishonest will
be the bottom line of subsistence. Learned people will be ridiculed and put to shame; the word of the wealthy
person will be the only law."
The traditional virtues accorded highest value in the four epochs are
1. Satya Yuga or Krita Yuga - dhyana (meditation)
2. Treta Yuga - yajna (sacrifice)
3. Dvapara Yuga - archana (worship)
4. Kali Yuga - daana (gifts)
1. In the highest yuga, the great majority of the people can experience spirituality by direct intuitive realization of
truth. The veil between the material and the transcendent realms becomes almost transparent. According to
Natya Shastra, there is no Natya performances in the Krita Yuga because it is a period free from any kind of
unhappiness or misery. Satya Yuga is also called the Golden Age.
2. Treta Yuga is the mental age, mental power is harnessed, men are in power, and inventions dissolve the
illusion of time. (Inventions are characteristic of both Dvapara and Treta yugas.)
3. In Dwapara Yuga, science flourishes, people experience the spiritual in terms of subtle energies and rational
choices, inventions are abundant, particularly those that dissolve the illusion of distance (between people and
between things), and power is mostly in the hands of women. The end of this age is associated with the death
of Krishna, and the events described in the Mahabharata.
4. In the lowest phase, Kali Yuga, most people are aware only of the physical aspect of existence, the
predominant emphasis of living is material survival, and power is mostly in the hands of men. People's
relationship with the spiritual is governed predominantly by superstition and by authority.
Temples, wars, and writing are hallmarks of Dvapara and Kali yugas. In the higher ages (Treta and Satya), writing
is unnecessary because people communicate directly by thought; temples are unnecessary because people feel
the omnipresence of God; wars are rare but they do occur; one such war is described in the Ramayana.
The traditional timescale of the yugas is as follows:
1. Satya Yuga or Krita Yuga - 1,728,000 years
2. Treta Yuga - 1,296,000 years
3. Dvapara Yuga - 864,000 years
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