CORRUPTION

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International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 Corruption - Security: Forging US Strategy Frank Vogl Transparency International Repeatedly, the government of the United States has given insufficient attention to issues of corruption in determining and implementing international security strategies. For example, it has turned a blind eye to widespread abuses of power for personal benefit in the government and military of Pakistan in pursuit of a strategic relationship (between 1947 and 2011, the United States provided Pakistan with over $67 billion in various forms of aid 1 ). Or, to take another example, the United States provided another government with a long history of corruption with substantial aid year after year to support strategic goals (between 1948 and 2015, the United States provided Egypt with $76 billion in aid 2 ). In Learning from Iraq (2013), the final report of former US Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Stuart W. Bowen, Jr., details critical lessons that stress that when embroiled in a foreign war, the United States must set processes and seek to build institutions that prevent corruption. The quarterly reports from the office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, 3 John F. Sopko, attest to the US and NATO authorities’ failure to apply Inspector General Bowen’s Iraq experiences to Afghanistan. Bowen understood that major consistent efforts were needed in Iraq to root out corruption in order to enhance security in the country. Sopko agrees, but the practice on the ground in Afghanistan tells a different story. There is no evidence that corruption in the country has been reduced over the last decade. Bowen argued in the case of Iraq that detailed monitoring of all expenditures and the deployment of sufficient professionals who were experienced for this purpose were essential. Sopko agrees when it comes to Afghanistan. Yet his regular reports tell many stories of insufficient accounting of US aid expenditures and of projects with relatively straightforward goals—such as improving literacy in the Afghan military—whose results have been dismal. The implication is that allocated funds were improperly used. Like recent books by journalists with long experience in Afghanistan (notably Sarah Chayes’ [2016] Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security and Carlotta Gall’s [2014] The Wrong Enemy: America in Afghanistan 2001–2014), Inspector General Sopko’s reports suggest that the US authorities in Afghanistan have contributed to corruption significantly. The most recent report, “Corruption in Conflict: Lessons from the US Experience in Afghanistan”, 4 documents Sopko’s experiences. The inadequate accounting for the enormous funds for “reconstruction aid”, which exceed $100 billion; the failure to strongly support the development of institutions of justice; the acceptance of graft in almost every corner of national and regional government and politics; and the frequent use of presents of cash to obtain short-term security Fall 2016 9
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Page 4 and 5: HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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Page 16 and 17: Political Will - or Political Won
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Page 20 and 21: Interview with Raymond Baker Intern
Page 22 and 23: Interview with Raymond Baker Raymon
Page 24 and 25: Interview with Jessica Tillipman In
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Page 30 and 31: Interview with Jessica Tillipman Je
Page 32 and 33: Interview with Dr. Julio Bacio Terr
Page 34 and 35: Interview with Professor Louise She
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Page 50 and 51: New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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Page 54 and 55: Transparency and Open Contracting T
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Interview with Professor Emerita He
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Interview with Professor Emerita He
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Global Anti-Corruption Conditionali
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73 Interview with Dr. Myria Vassili
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Interview with Dr. Myria Vassiliado
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Interview with Dr. Myria Vassiliado
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Interview with Matthew Friedman Int
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Interview with Matthew Friedman We
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Interview with Matthew Friedman Int
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Interview with Matthew Friedman Dur
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The Potential Correleation Between
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Between Criminal Justice and Human
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Human Trafficking Around the World:
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Interview with Dr. Osei Bonsu Dicks
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Interview with Dr. Osei Bonsu Dicks
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State-Sponsored Slavery: Migrant La
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State-Sponsored Slavery: Migrant La
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Child Trafficking in China: Who Are
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Interview with Dr. Robert Lawson In
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Interview with Dr. Robert Lawson Dr
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Interview with Professor Susanne Lu
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Organ Trafficking During Times of W
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Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Lessons Learned by NGOs in the Figh
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REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES Corruption
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%e2%80%9chow-to%e2%80%9d/, 25 Novem
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1 By Law No. 228/2003. 2 In particu
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Shen, Anqi (2015). Offending Women
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direct experience of some of the is
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Contributors in this issue: Corrupt
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