CORRUPTION

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Lessons Learned by NGOs in the Fight Against Human Trafficking Organizations working against TIP There are several different groups working against TIP. These include celebrities such as Liam Neeson, journalist Nicholas Kristof, and Ricky Martin. It also includes state governments and law enforcement, international bodies such as Interpol, as well as intergovernmental organizations, such as the International Labour Organisation and the United Nations. The Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) plays a particularly large role. NGOs play a big role from community groups, to regionallybased organizations, such as Chab Dai in Cambodia, the National Freedom Network in South Africa, and Project Respect in Australia. It also includes organizations such as such as the Global Slavery Index, Stop the Traffik, Amnesty International, and Save the Children. Each of these groups faces difficulties in addressing TIP. Criticism in relation to celebritization of the issue has been attributed to a lack of substantive results and to an imbalanced focus on sex trafficking over other types of TIP (Haynes, 2014). National legislatures and law enforcement have not made significant strides toward halting the flow of slaves, despite widespread implementation of and support for United Nations-mandated legislation (UN.GIFT, 2010; UNODC, 2009). Likewise, the UN as an intergovernmental body has been limited in its effectiveness. The vulnerability of such bodies to outside pressure is highlighted by the recent example of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon dropping action against the Saudi Arabian military for its activities in Yemen, after Saudi Arabia reportedly threatened to cut funding to UN programs (Sengupta, 2016). This can present an issue where exploitative labor practices form an essential part of a country’s economy. A major problem for states attempting to address TIP is its transnational nature. Transnational organized crime is challenging to address, even in close alliances. With no unified intelligence, police or border force, tracking the movement of people across lengthy borders is difficult, as seen during the height of the European “migrant crisis” in summer 2015. These difficulties are compounded by the presence of organized criminal networks, which have systems to transport victims across borders. International Affairs Forum Additional problems include the lack of public awareness (human trafficking as something that happens in other places, rather than in one’s own country); lack of trust in law enforcement, particularly among people trafficked from countries with different laws or police cultures (a person expecting police to be subject to bribery by traffickers is unlikely to identify themselves as a victim. This belief is exacerbated and used by traffickers to control their victims. Additionally, victims may believe they will be arrested as prostitutes. There are also cultural issues, as perpetrators from eastern and sub-Saharan Africa use victims’ belief in witchcraft to control their behavior and prevent them seeking assistance. Language issues are common and concordant problems in identifying victims, as victims may be trafficked to somewhere they do not speak the language and be unable to seek assistance. Likewise, sex tourists to Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, or Latin America may not be able to identify a person as trafficked, or communicate it to law enforcement if they do. 2 Furthermore, the lack of supply chain controls among international and transnational businesses and the simple fact that victims of TIP may be physically trapped and thereby inaccessible. There has also been a dearth of successful prosecutions against perpetrators (UNODC, 2009). 152
International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 Exceptionally, the Nigerian National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) is a state-sponsored platform where governmental bodies and NGOs work together against TIP. It coordinates law enforcement and the “protection and prevention initiatives” of varying levels of governmental and non-governmental bodies (NAPTIP, 2015). This collaborative model presents a unique model for countering TIP. NGOs addressing trafficking undertake different combinations of activities. These include shelter services, health, education and advocacy, hotlines and referral services, capacity building, lobbying, research and consulting. Several organizations have created international networks and referral processes, something which to date has not been implemented by state governments. 3 Liberty Asia is a regional organization, which aims to improve case management and referral in Southeast Asia, among other activities. The US-based Polaris Project runs a national hotline in the USA, and provides logistical and training support to other regionally-based organizations (Polaris Project, 2016a, 2016c). Counter-trafficking NGOs are in a position to address several of the limitations faced by state governments, while being potential recipients of public aid (as in the example of the EU-funded “TRACE” research project). Firstly, they have greater flexibility in operating internationally than statebased governmental organizations. They may not be subject to the suspicions associated with law enforcement. Linguistically, the Polaris Project’s National Human Trafficking Resource Center accepts calls 24/7, in over two hundred languages. Governmental organizations may not be able to furnish such capabilities, especially in poorer and smaller states, or in those experiencing conflict. However, NGOs are not part of sovereign power systems, and do not have the powers associated with national law enforcement. They face difficulties in countering human trafficking, whether it be addressing victim recruitment, transit, or exploitation. Surveying Counter-Trafficking NGOs for “Lessons Learned” An exploratory survey was administered to several NGOs and their staff, in order to begin establishing what lessons have been learned in countering trafficking. It was distributed via this author’s networks 4 and the “Freedom Collaborative” anti-trafficking hub, that networks NGOs and researchers. Questions were open-ended and called for organizational and/or personal narratives. Responses received represented the country-based outlet of an international NGO that counters TIP as one of its activities (Respondent A); a regional counter-TIP organization in Southeast Asia (Respondent B); an organization in the Benelux region that assists people leaving violent situations, including trafficking and particularly sex trafficking (Respondent C); a counter-TIP organization in South Africa (Respondent D); and a TIP research project based in the United Kingdom (Respondent E). The intention of this survey was to establish a starting point for further research into the lessons learned by NGOs in this area, leading to improvements in NGO capabilities. Responses are presented, trends noted, and some commentary 5 provided in the following sections. Fall 2016 153
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