CORRUPTION

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Interview with Dr. Robert Lawson Dr. Robert Lawson holds the Jerome M. Fullinwider Endowed Centennial Chair in Economic Freedom and is director of the O’Neil Center for Global Markets and Freedom at the Southern Methodist University (SMU) Cox School of Business. Prior to SMU, he taught at Auburn University, Capital University, and Shawnee State University. Dr. Lawson is a co-author of the widely-cited Economic Freedom of the World annual reports, which present an economic freedom index for over 150 countries. Lawson has numerous professional publications in journals, including: Public Choice; Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization; Cato Journal; Kyklos; Journal of Labor Research; Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics; and European Journal of Political Economy. Lawson is past-president of the Association of Private Enterprise Education, a Senior Fellow at the Fraser Institute, and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. He earned his PhD and MS in Economics from Florida State University and his BS in Economics from the Honors Tutorial College at Ohio University. Interview by Emily Luense International Affairs Forum 116
International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 Interview with Professor Susanne Lundin Lund University As an expert on organ trafficking, could you evaluate the scale to which it is a global issue? Background. Worldwide, transplantations should be altruistic donations. Commercial transactions are not allowed: The organ should be a gift. One exception is Iran. Since 1988, Iran has operated the only government-sponsored paid living donor (LD) kidney transplant program. Transplants from deceased donors involve solid organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and pancreas. It is also possible to receive transplants from living individuals: A living person can donate a single kidney or a piece of his or her liver. Most living transplants involve the kidney, since a human being has two kidneys and is able to live with only one. In many countries worldwide, the demand for organs from both deceased and living donors far outstrips the supply. This can be caused by many things, including poor dissemination of information to citizens regarding transplantation and donation, poor organization in healthcare, and political and cultural reasons. The latter may be due to the fact that in many countries donation from the deceased, normally the largest donation group, does not exist because of cultural and religious reasons. While the increased availability of organs resulting from living donation is beneficial, the possible subsequent trade of organs is disadvantageous. Another double-edged benefit is the immunosuppressant drug, Cyclosporine, which was introduced in the early 1980s. Until then, a problem in transplantation medicine was that the body often rejected foreign body parts, a process that changed dramatically with the help of immunosuppressant drugs and meant that the recipients of organs had significantly better chances of keeping an organ than before. However, this also meant that there were more opportunities to use organs from people whose blood type did not necessarily match that of the sick recipient. This was and is one of various important factors that facilitate trade in organs and make it easy for individuals to become victims of coercion. Illegal trade. There are numerous cases where the so-called “informed consent” document, necessary for all transplantations, lures disadvantaged people into a commercial transaction in which they usually get only an insignificant amount of money, or nothing at all. Poor and vulnerable people can become victims of wealthy patients who require organs to stay alive. The exploitation and vulnerability of the organ suppliers are manifested by the fact that they receive little or no payment at all. Organ selling does not lead to long-term economic benefits since selling a kidney is associated with a decline in health status and a diminished ability to return to labor-intensive work. In fact, selling a kidney may worsen the seller’s economic status. Buyers. They pay between US$100,000 and US$250,000 for a kidney. Fall 2016 117
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Fall 2016 Volume 7, Issue 2 CORRUPT
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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Special Themed Issue: Editors’ In
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9 Corruption - Security: Forging US
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Interview with Raymond Baker Intern
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Interview with Jessica Tillipman In
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Interview with Dr. Julio Bacio Terr
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Interview with Professor Louise She
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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Interview with Professor Suelette D
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New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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Transparency and Open Contracting T
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Interview with Professor Emerita He
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Interview with Professor Emerita He
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Page 110 and 111: Child Trafficking in China: Who Are
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Page 140 and 141: Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES Corruption
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direct experience of some of the is
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Contributors in this issue: Corrupt
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CORRUPTION

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