CORRUPTION

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1 By Law No. 228/2003. 2 In particular, reduction or maintaining to slavery and servitude and buying and selling of slaves. 3 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human in 2005 (ratified by the Italian State only in 2010). 4 We should also mention the adoption by the European Commission of the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012–2016; the Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying thirdcountry nationals; the Council Directive 2004/81/EC on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities, and the Council Directive 2002/90/EC defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence, which aims to combat illegal immigration and aiding of illegal immigration. 5 By the Legislative Decree 4 March 2014, No. 24. 6 R. Raffaelli, The protection of trafficking victims: does criminal law really require the sacrifice of human rights?, Sant’Anna Legal Studies, STALS Research Paper n. 13/2008. 7 C. Commandatore, B. Virgilio, Codice dell’immigrazione, dell’asilo e della cittadinanza, Nel Diritto Editore, 2010. 8 Article 6, paragraph 4 Law – Decree 28 December 2006, No. 300. 9 A similar measure was initially introduced by the Law - Decree 13 September 1996, No. 477, amending the so called Law Martelli (Law 28 February 1990, No. 39), which authorised the issue of a residence permit, as a reward measure, to the third-country national who offered a real contribution to the identification and the arrest of criminal offenders. It was a benefit related to trial and security requirements. 10 Cassazione Civile, Section I, 28 August 2000, No. 11209. 11 T.A.R. Firenze, Section. II, 22 March 2013, No. 460; T.A.R. Bari, Section. II, 02 January 2012, No. 5; T.A.R. Milano, Section. III, 06 December 2012, No. 2961. 12 T.A.R. Milano, Section. III, 06 December 2012, No. 2961. 13 T.A.R Sicilia, section I, 28 May 2008, No. 982. Human Trafficking Around the World: Perspectives from Sub-Sahara Africa International Affairs Forum Footnotes: 1 See Status of Ratification of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Childrenat https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12- a&chapter=18&lang=en (accessed July 13, 2016). 1 See country narrative of the US. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2015 at http://www.state. gov/documents/organization/243562.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016). 3 Country narrative of the US. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2015: http://www.state.gov/ documents/organization/243561.pdf. See also, http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/187434-u-sindicts-borno-govt-over-use-of-child-soldiers.html. 4 Country narrative of the US. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2015: http://www.state.gov/ documents/organization/243561.pdf. See also, http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/187434-u-sindicts-borno-govt-over-use-of-child-soldiers.html. 5 See, http://www.achpr.org/mechanisms/ 6 See, http://www.acerwc.org/ 7 See, Mission Report of the ACERCWC to assess the situation of children affected by the conflict in Central African Republic – December 2014, http://www.acerwc.org/download/advocacy-mission-to-central-africanrepublic/?wpdmdl=9478. 8 See, http://www.nanhri.org/events/ 9 See, http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/ecowas-declaration-against-trafficking-persons/ecowas_declaration_ against_trafficking_persons.pdf 162
International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 10 See para 16 of the Declaration. 11 United Nations Office for West Africa (UN OWA) and West Africa Regional Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR/WARO). Trafficking in Persons in West Africa: Analysing the Legal and Policy Framework for the Protection of Victims. Available at http://www.womencount4peace.org/ sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/UNOWA%20-%20Trafficking%20In%20Persons%20In%20 West%20Africa%20-%20Analyzing%20The%20Legal%20And%20Policy%20Framework%20For%20The%20 Protection%20Of%20Victims%20%E2%80%93%20en%20-%2020130909.pdf 12 African Union Commission Initiative against Trafficking = AU COMMIT (Social Affairs Department: http:// www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Trafficking/Dakar_Protection_Kapp-Marais.pdf. 13 See, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2009/June/au-starts-campaign-against-human-trafficking. html. State-Sponsored Slavery: Migrant Labor in the GCC Footnotes: 1 International Labor Organization, Reform of the Kafala (Sponsorship) System, p. 1. 2 International Labor Organization, Reform of the Kafala (Sponsorship) System, p. 3 3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Treaty Collection, June 30, 2016. 5 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Francois Crepe, Human Rights Council, 26th Session, April 2014, p. 8. 6 Government of India, Press Information Bureau, “Memorandum of Understanding between India and Bahrain on Cooperation for Prevention of Human Trafficking especially trafficking in Women and Children,” March 10, 2016. Government of India, Press Information Bureau, “Memorandum of Understanding between India and United Arab Emirates on cooperation in preventing and combating of Human Trafficking ,” April 13, 2016. 7 Human Rights Watch, 2015, “Migrant Workers’ Rights on Saadiyat Island in the United Arab Emirates: 2015 Progress Report,” New York: Human Rights Watch, pp. 10-11. 8 In Oman, migrant domestic workers are excluded pursuant to Article 2(3) of Royal Decree No. 35 of 2003. In Qatar, migrant domestic workers are excluded pursuant to Art 3(4) of Law No. 14 of 2004. In the UAE, migrant domestic workers are excluded pursuant to Art 3(c) of No. 8 of 2007. 9 Law No. 68 of 2015 on Employment of Domestic Workers; Human Rights Watch, 2015, Kuwait: New Law A Breakthrough for Domestic Workers: Guarantees Crucial Rights, but Gaps Remain. New York: Human Rights Watch. 10 International Trade Union Confederation, Facilitating Exploitation: A review of Labour Laws for Migrant Domestic Workers in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries, pp. 32-36. 11 Human Rights Watch (Organization), 2014, I Already Bought You: Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates, New York: Human Rights Watch, p.3. 12 Whiteman, Hilary, “Indonesia maid ban won’t work in Mideast, migrant groups say,” CNN, May 6, 2015. Al Jazeera, “Uganda bans housemaids from working in Saudi Arabia,” January 23, 2016. 13 Human Rights Watch (Organization), 2014, I Already Bought You: Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates, New York: Human Rights Watch, p. 28. 14 “UAE: Indian woman forced into prostitution jailed for four years – arrested after abduction, gang rape,” KRMagazine, February 15, 2016. 15 Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Country Narratives: Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, 2016 Child Trafficking in China: Who are Female Perpetrators? References: Ren, Xin (1996). Violence against women under China’s economic modernisation: Resurgence of women trafficking in China. In C. Sumner, M. Israel & et al (eds) International Victimology. Canberra ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology, 69-73. Fall 2016 163
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Fall 2016 Volume 7, Issue 2 CORRUPT
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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9 Corruption - Security: Forging US
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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