CORRUPTION

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Interview with Professor Susanne Lundin Susanne Lundin is a professor of ethnology in the Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences at Lund University in Sweden. Lundin examines various forms of medical treatments, mainly focusing on the semilegal and illegal medical market. She has published extensively in these fields, including Organs for Sale: An Ethnographic Examination of the International Organ Trade (Palgrave Pivot, 2015). Lundin’s current project, “Biomedicine at the Borders: Ethnography as a Model to Investigate Biomedicine’s Moral and Legal Grey Areas and to Provide a Basis for International Actions,” covers not only medical travel and ethical issues relating to medical tests on humans but also falsified drugs as a growing global problem. Lundin is engaged with organizations including the World Health Organization, the United Nations, national and international ethics committees, and state boards. Interview by Alexandra Gilliard International Affairs Forum 122
International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 Organ Trafficking During Times of War and Political Conflict Dr. Nancy Scheper-Hughes University of California, Berkeley Organ Trafficking in War and Peace Most networks of human trafficking for the purpose of organ procurement are run and controlled by international traffickers, some of whom are surgeons who operate with the complicity of government bureaucrats, blood-matching technicians, public health officials, hospital administrators, medical insurance agents, and immigration officers. The victims include the most vulnerable populations: immigrants, undocumented workers, political and economic refugees, the poor and desperate, as well as the mentally or cognitively challenged. These same criminal practices and tactics are also deployed strategically during the context of political conflict, civil wars, and ethnic cleansings. Medicated executions for the purpose of organ procurement for transplantation and sale for commercial uses represent the universal worst-case scenario and a collective human nightmare: the fear of being cannibalized while living or dead. In each of the cases documented by Organs Watch—bearing on disappeared bodies, illegal dissections, and the harvesting and stockpiling of organs, tissues, and other body parts on the bodies of enemy—fact and fiction, the social imaginary, and the hallucinatory sometimes do harden into cold, forensic medical facts. The motives attributed to each case range from race hatred to retaliation, national interests, the desire to display power and authority, and “ordinary” greed and corruption. Cases documented by Organs Watch include: the plunder of dead bodies of Palestinian enemies at the national forensic institute of Abu Kabir in Tel Aviv; the National Psychiatric Hospital for the mentally and cognitively “deficient” whose bodies were used alive and dead as blood, cornea, tissue, and organs suppliers during the Argentine Dirty War and afterwards until 2000; blood taken from the death camp of Montes de Oca sold to private hospitals and sent to the military during the Falkland War for any military officials who required blood infusions. (Scheper-Hughes, 2015); police mortuaries (during the anti- Apartheid struggle in Cape Town, South Africa) piled up with the bodies of young black men killed by police, which were used as sources of tissues and other bio-materials for White South Africans; and organ theft by KLA militants from Serbs remaining in Kosovo and Albania at the end of the Kosovo War in 1999. In times of instability, severe rights abuses are conducted through the theft of illicit organs and tissues from prisoners of war, mental patients, and the unwanted dead bodies of the poor. Organs Fall 2016 123
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Fall 2016 Volume 7, Issue 2 CORRUPT
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Global Anti-Corruption Conditionali
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Page 140 and 141: Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES Corruption
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Page 166 and 167: Shen, Anqi (2015). Offending Women
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