CORRUPTION

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Human Trafficking Around the World: Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa Human Trafficking Around the World: Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa Tseliso Thipanyane Safer South Africa Foundation Recent media images and reports of hundreds of migrants getting rescued in the Mediterranean Sea (mainly by European ships and patrol boats) and of thousands of other migrants drowning in the process do not highlight the adverse socioeconomic and political conditions that force many of the migrants to leave their home countries in search of a better life across the seas. These images and reports do not emphasize the plight of many of these migrants. Many of them are victims of human traffickers who, while appearing to be angels of mercy for those desperate souls, abuse them and profit from their misery. These human traffickers have little consideration for the migrants’ safety, leading to the thousands who drown in the process—many without life jackets and in rickety and unsafe boats that are nothing more than boats of death. Most global and national media images and reports do not expose the plight of thousands of African men, women, and children who are trafficked within the African continent for sexual activities (commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriages) and labor practices (manual labor and drug trafficking) akin to slavery. Their plight rarely makes prime time news on BBC, CNN, and other global media networks. It is hardly an issue in their countries of origin as well, save for the usual speeches that politicians make during important days and occasions such as the Africa Day celebrations (May 25), the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery (December 02), the World Day Against Trafficking in Persons (July 30), and independence day celebrations. According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, out of the estimated 45.8 million victims of modern slavery, 6.2 million or 13.6% are in Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority (53%) of trafficked persons in Sub-Saharan Africa are used mainly for sexual exploitation, with children constituting the highest component of trafficked persons (62%). International Affairs Forum The 2014 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) indicates that the Sub-Saharan region has a higher proportion of child trafficking than any other region in the world. Besides being victims of commercial sexual activities, panhandling, criminal activities, and other forms of manual and harmful work, trafficked African children are used as child-soldiers in many conflict-ridden areas such as South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Somalia, and Nigeria. The DRC, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, South Africa, and Ethiopia are among countries with 94
International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 the highest number of trafficked persons in the region, according to the Global Slavery Index, with Nigeria leading at an estimated 875,500 trafficked persons. The Democratic Republic of Congo follows with an estimated 873,100 trafficked persons and South Africa is estimated to have 248,700 trafficked persons. As stated by the UNODC 2014 Global Reporting on Trafficking in Persons, trafficking of young women from Nigeria for sexual purposes in Europe is one of the most prominent transregional trafficking flows, with 10% of thesse victims detected in Western and Central Europe occurring between 2007 and 2012. Despite the challenge of trafficking in persons and its impact, especially the trafficking of children, several countries in the Sub-Saharan region have been slow to ratify or accede to relevant international instruments designed to address this problem and to adopt and implement national legislation in this regard. While the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, entered into force on December 25, 2003, some countries in the Sub-Saharan region took a long time to ratify or accede to the Protocol. Ghana, Burundi, and Swaziland adopted the protocol in 2012. Zimbabwe followed in 2013. Eritrea, Sudan, and Sierra Leone did so in 2014. Although Uganda, and Congo signed the Protocol in 2000, both countries have yet to ratify or accede to it. Also, Uganda and Zimbabwe have serious challenges with trafficking of persons. While the majority of Sub-Saharan countries, following a slow start in 2003, now have national legislation regarded to be in line with the international Protocol on Trafficking in Persons, the implementation of these laws has been a challenge... While the majority of Sub-Saharan countries, following a slow start in 2003, now have national legislation in line with the International Protocol on Trafficking in Persons, the implementation of these laws has been a challenge due to ineffective implementation mechanisms, inadequate funding for such mechanisms, and limited public awareness of such laws and their implementation mechanisms. The low number of convictions against traffickers (despite the large number of victims of trafficking in persons in most African countries) attests to these challenges. Even with having the largest number of estimated victims of trafficking, and passing its national antitrafficking legislation in 2013 (the Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, which was tightened in 2015), Nigeria only reported 30 trafficking convictions in 2014 and 42 in 2013. Also, Nigeria did not allocate sufficient funds for the implementation of its antitrafficking legal framework and its enforcement mechanism. The National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP) allocated only $13 million in 2014. The Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF), funded by the Borno State government, is said to be recruiting child soldiers, sometimes even by force. Despite these challenges, Nigeria is regarded as one of the best Fall 2016 95
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Fall 2016 Volume 7, Issue 2 CORRUPT
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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Special Themed Issue: Editors’ In
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9 Corruption - Security: Forging US
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NEW FROM GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRES
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Corruption-Security: Forging US Str
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Corruption-Security: Forging US Str
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Interview with Raymond Baker Intern
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Interview with Raymond Baker Raymon
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Interview with Jessica Tillipman In
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Interview with Jessica Tillipman In
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Interview with Jessica Tillipman Je
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Interview with Dr. Julio Bacio Terr
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Interview with Professor Louise She
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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Interview with Professor Suelette D
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Page 50 and 51: New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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Page 54 and 55: Transparency and Open Contracting T
Page 60 and 61: Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
Page 62 and 63: Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
Page 64 and 65: Interview with Professor Emerita He
Page 66 and 67: Interview with Professor Emerita He
Page 68 and 69: Global Anti-Corruption Conditionali
Page 74 and 75: 73 Interview with Dr. Myria Vassili
Page 76 and 77: Interview with Dr. Myria Vassiliado
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Page 80 and 81: Interview with Matthew Friedman Int
Page 82 and 83: Interview with Matthew Friedman We
Page 84 and 85: Interview with Matthew Friedman Int
Page 86 and 87: Interview with Matthew Friedman Dur
Page 88 and 89: The Potential Correleation Between
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Page 102 and 103: Interview with Dr. Osei Bonsu Dicks
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Page 106 and 107: State-Sponsored Slavery: Migrant La
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Page 110 and 111: Child Trafficking in China: Who Are
Page 116 and 117: Interview with Dr. Robert Lawson In
Page 118 and 119: Interview with Dr. Robert Lawson Dr
Page 120 and 121: Interview with Professor Susanne Lu
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Page 140 and 141: Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Lessons Learned by NGOs in the Figh
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REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES Corruption
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%e2%80%9chow-to%e2%80%9d/, 25 Novem
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1 By Law No. 228/2003. 2 In particu
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Shen, Anqi (2015). Offending Women
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direct experience of some of the is
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Contributors in this issue: Corrupt
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