CORRUPTION

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Child Trafficking in China: Who Are Female Perpetrators? into the illicit trade and gain an in-depth and more nuanced understanding of the problem so as to help find better solutions to respond to it. Female traffickers, as the evidence shows, are often peasant farmers and rural migrants, who are typically members of China’s marginalized and disadvantaged social groups. These women are, of course, criminal offenders under the trafficking laws, but at the same time, they are also victims of rapid social changes and of social and gendered inequalities in an increasingly marketized China. Because legitimate money-making opportunities are not readily available to them, some of these women turn to the criminal markets and engage in an illicit trade that they can manage to access and function within. Hence, child trafficking in China is essentially a problem of social inequality. The continuation of this social evil should also be attributed to the criminogenic effects of the capitalist practices in post-Mao reform era. Toughening trafficking laws and imposing harsh sentences on child traffickers are not solutions to this problem. Describing female child traffickers as ruthless and sophisticated women is unhelpful, too, as it does nothing but make harsh penalties palatable for women who, like men, are already subject to long-term imprisonment under the existing criminal law. In order to tackle the historical problem of child trafficking in China, public policy should be reviewed, and radical reform in certain areas may be inevitable. For example, emphasis should be placed not only on law enforcement crackdowns, but also on creating opportunities for disadvantaged women and the disadvantaged Chinese population as a whole. Efforts must be made to develop the state welfare system so that it applies equally to everyone in the country. All of society must work together to tackle poverty and find ways of diverting individuals belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized social groups from drifting into the criminal markets. Furthermore, it is vital to widely promote cultural and legal awareness about human trafficking, while at the same time reforming the country’s adoption services to reduce the demand for illegal adoptions. In addition, government-sponsored research on human trafficking in general, and child trafficking in particular, is urgently needed in China. Continued research is an important tool in addressing fundamental questions about human trafficking, as well as playing an essential role in the design of countermeasures against this persistent social evil. International Affairs Forum Dr. Anqi Shen is a Reader in Law at Teesside University, UK. Previously, she worked as a police officer and subsequently a practicing lawyer in China. Her main research focus is in the areas of policing, organized crime, gender, youth, crime and justice, the legal professions, sentencing, and migration and crime. Dr. Shen is a member of the Editorial Board of Women and Criminal Justice (Routledge). She is a visiting research fellow at Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Development of Regional Rule of Law and Adjunct Professor at Nanjing University of Finance and Economics in China. She is the author of Offending Women in Contemporary China: Gender and Pathways into Crime (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). Dr. Anqi Shen can be reached at anqi.shen@tees.ac.uk or @shen_anqi on Twitter. 112
WORLD’S TOUGHEST PROBLEMS ANSWERED IN THE LEAST LIKELY PLACES BOTSWANA THE NATURAL RESOURCES CURSE USA ENERGY INDONESIA ISLAMIC EXTREMISM SOUTH KOREA SLOW ECONOMIC GROWTH International Affairs Forum Fall 2016 BRAZIL INEQUALITY RWANDA CIVIL WAR MEXICO POLITICAL GRIDLOCK SINGAPORE <strong>CORRUPTION</strong> CANADA IMMIGRATION NEW YORK CITY POLITICAL GRIDLOCK 2.0 “Just when it looks like the world’s problems couldn’t get much worse, The Fix cuts through the gloom like a ray of sunshine . . . If you care about understanding the world or improving it, this book is not to be missed. It may very well change the face of leadership.” —ADAM GRANT, author of Originals “A wonderful, intelligent, well-written book that will inform and enlighten you–and cheer you up.” —FAREED ZAKARIA, author of The Post-American World START READING AT READITFORWARD.COM/THEFIX ON SALE NOW TIM DUGGAN BOOKS Fall 2016 113
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Fall 2016 Volume 7, Issue 2 CORRUPT
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING 73 Interview with
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Special Themed Issue: Editors’ In
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9 Corruption - Security: Forging US
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Political Will - or Political Won
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Interview with Professor Louise She
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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Corruption: Is the Right Message Ge
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New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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New Methods to Engage Civil Society
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Transparency and Open Contracting T
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
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Treating Health and Pharmaceutical
Page 64 and 65: Interview with Professor Emerita He
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Page 68 and 69: Global Anti-Corruption Conditionali
Page 74 and 75: 73 Interview with Dr. Myria Vassili
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Page 80 and 81: Interview with Matthew Friedman Int
Page 82 and 83: Interview with Matthew Friedman We
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Page 86 and 87: Interview with Matthew Friedman Dur
Page 88 and 89: The Potential Correleation Between
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Page 102 and 103: Interview with Dr. Osei Bonsu Dicks
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Page 120 and 121: Interview with Professor Susanne Lu
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Page 140 and 141: Interview with Ms. Taina Bien-Aimé
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Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES Corruption
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1 By Law No. 228/2003. 2 In particu
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Shen, Anqi (2015). Offending Women
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direct experience of some of the is
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Contributors in this issue: Corrupt
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