“License to Kill”

Norberto Maderal, George Avanceña, October 19 .................................................................... 73
Heart de Chavez, January 10; “Joan,” January 13, 2017 ............................................................. 75
Unidentified person, January 14 .............................................................................................. 76
III. Prohibition of Extrajudicial Executions under International and Philippine Law ............ 79
International Law .................................................................................................................... 79
Philippine Law ........................................................................................................................ 81
IV. Criminal Responsibility of President Duterte and Senior Government Officials ............. 82
Legal Bases for Criminal Responsibility .................................................................................. 82
Responsibility of President Duterte ........................................................................................ 86
Responsibility of Duterte’s Senior Officials .............................................................................. 93
Promised Immunity to Subordinate Commanders .................................................................... 95
V. International Response to Duterte’s “War on Drugs”..................................................... 97
The United States ................................................................................................................... 97
The European Parliament and European Union ...................................................................... 102
Japan ................................................................................................................................... 103
China ................................................................................................................................... 104
Russia .................................................................................................................................. 106
The United Nations ............................................................................................................... 107
The International Criminal Court ............................................................................................ 111
Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 112
To the President of the Philippines ........................................................................................ 112
To the Philippine Congress ................................................................................................... 112
To the Philippine National Police ...........................................................................................113
To the Department of Justice ..................................................................................................113
To the Commission on Human Rights .................................................................................... 114
To the Office of the Ombudsman ........................................................................................... 114
To the Department of Health .................................................................................................. 115
To Foreign Donors and Partners, including the United States, European Union, Japan, the World
Bank, and the Asian Development Bank ................................................................................. 115
To the United States Government .......................................................................................... 116
To the United Nations ........................................................................................................... 116
VI. Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 118
Annex I: Excerpts from Police Reports Describing “Buy Bust” Police Killings ................... 119