Abelian Groups - László Fuchs [Springer]

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354 11 p-Groups with Elements of Infinite Height Consequently, if N is a nice subgroup of A, then under the natural correspondence between subgroups of A containing N and subgroups of A=N, nice subgroups correspond to nice subgroups. F Notes. Niceness is a crucial concept in the theory. We shall see that nice subgroups play crucial role also in mixed groups; see Chapter 15. Exercises (1) If M; N are subgroups of a p-group A, andifa 2 A is proper with respect to both of them, then a is proper with respect to M \ N as well. (2) A subgroup N is nice in the p-group A if and only if the equality N C p A D \ < .N C p A/ holds for all limit ordinals . (3) If N is nice in A,thensoisN C p A for every . (4) (Hill) Let A be a p-group. For a subgroup N of A to be nice it is necessary and sufficient that N \ p A is nice in p A and .N C p A/=p A/ is nice in A=p A for all ordinals . (5) A p-group has the property that all of its subgroups are nice if and only if it is a direct sum of a bounded group and a divisible group. (6) The union of an ascending chain of nice subgroups need not be nice. (7) Let B denote an unbounded †-cyclic p-group, and B its torsion-completion. Show that (a) BŒp is nice in BŒp (it is a summand); (b) BŒp is nice in B;but(c) BŒp is not nice in B. (8) Give an example where N < M < A, M=N is nice in A=N, butM fails to be nice in A. (9) The extensions of a p-group A by a p-group C in which A is a nice subgroup form a subgroup in Ext.C; A/. [Hint: Baer sum.] 3 Simply Presented p-Groups We now embark on an ambitious generalization of Ulm’s theorem: this section and the three following ones are devoted to the theory of p-groups that can be characterized by their UK-invariants. This theory is undoubtedly one of the major achievements in the theory of p-groups of arbitrary cardinality; it provides the most penetrating results known today on p-groups. We develop the theory on parallel lines: 1. simply presented p-groups; 2. p-groups with nice systems (or nice composition series) of subgroups; 3. balanced-projective p-groups; and 4. totally projective p-groups. Simple Presentation In this section, we deal with p-groups that have a special kind of presentation. As a motivation, let us recall that a †-cyclic p-group can be
3 Simply Presented p-Groups 355 presented by a set of symbols x as the set of generators (corresponding to a basis), with defining relations of the form p n x D 0 for certain integers n >0; i.e., all the relations involve exactly one generator. In contrast, no particular property is needed for a group A to be presented with defining relations containing no more than three generators. Indeed, if we choose the set of elements of A as generating system, then the existing equalities like a C b D c for a; b; c 2 A provide relations of the desired kind. Our present aim is to investigate those p-groups that are in between, i.e. which can be presented by a set of generators such that all the defining relations contain at most two generators. Thus given a set X of generators, we now assume that every defining relation is of the form nx D 0 or nx D my where x; y 2 X and m; n 2 N. Since we are dealing with p-groups, we can get rid of integers prime to p, so that we may assume that every defining relation is of the form p n x D 0 or p n x D p m y (11.3) where x; y 2 X. We will call a p-group A defined in this way a simply presented p- group, and write A DhXI „i where „ stands for the collection of defining relations. These groups, under the name of T-groups, were introduced by Crawley–Hales [1]. Faithful Simple Presentation We will need more control on the elements, and therefore we simplify the presentation (at the expense of enlarging the generating set). First, we replace p n x D 0 by the relations px D x 1 ; px 1 D x 2 ; :::; px n 1 D 0 after adjoining x 1 ;:::;x n 1 to X as additional generators. The same can be done for the relations of the form p n x D p m y. As a result, we may assume without loss of generality that every relation in „ is of the form px D 0 or px D y (x; y 2 X). Next, in order to avoid the nuisance of working with generators that become 0 in A, and different generators that become equal in A, first we delete those x 2 X that are 0 in A, and replace them by 0 in the relations. By doing so, we give the same name in the relations to generators x ¤ y in X that become equal in A. To summarize, we have now a presentation A DhXI „i such that (i) each defining relation is of the form px D 0 or px D y with x; y 2 X; (ii) if x 2 X,thenx ¤ 0 in A; (iii) if x; y are different elements in X,thenx ¤ y in A. A presentation satisfying (i)–(iii) will be called faithful. Thus if the simple presentation of a p-group is faithful, then every generator occurs in exactly one relation with coefficient p, but may occur in numerous relations with coefficient 1. In this section we will assume (unless stated otherwise) that all the presentations considered are faithful.
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Springer Monographs in Mathematics
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László Fuchs Abelian Groups 123
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Dedicated with love to my wife Shul
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viii Preface to relevant publicatio
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x Preface on abelian groups. The re
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xii Contents 4 Divisibility and Inj
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xiv Contents 7 Whitehead Groups If
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Table of Notations Set Theory ; : s
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Table of Notations xix N .p/: Nunk
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Table of Notations xxi Q A;;A : di
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2 1 Fundamentals is finite, countab
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4 1 Fundamentals Theorem 1.2. In a
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6 1 Fundamentals (8) A superfluous
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8 1 Fundamentals A ! A=K acting as
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10 1 Fundamentals φ G ⏐ ↓ η 0
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12 1 Fundamentals Lemma 2.5 (Snake
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14 1 Fundamentals Exercises (1) Ass
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16 1 Fundamentals non-zero subgroup
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18 1 Fundamentals in Sect. 7 in Cha
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20 1 Fundamentals 4 Sets Since the
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22 1 Fundamentals It might be helpf
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24 1 Fundamentals This is an amazin
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26 1 Fundamentals of subgroups, ind
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28 1 Fundamentals If is an infinit
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30 1 Fundamentals For the proof of
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32 1 Fundamentals C3. Identity. For
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34 1 Fundamentals is exact in D; F
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36 1 Fundamentals 7 Linear Topologi
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38 1 Fundamentals Proof. (We need s
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40 1 Fundamentals For two R-modules
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Chapter 2 Direct Sums and Direct Pr
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1 Direct Sums and Direct Products 4
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2 Direct Summands 51 Proof. If A D
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2 Direct Summands 53 Exercises (1)
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3 Pull-Back and Push-Out Diagrams 5
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4 Direct Limits 57 In this case, A
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4 Direct Limits 59 We now move to t
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5 Inverse Limits 61 for 0 W G ! A
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5 Inverse Limits 63 for every i 2 I
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6 Direct Products vs. Direct Sums 6
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6 Direct Products vs. Direct Sums 6
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7 Completeness in Linear Topologies
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Chapter 3 Direct Sums of Cyclic Gro
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1 Freeness and Projectivity 77 Coro
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1 Freeness and Projectivity 79 Let
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2 Finite and Finitely Generated Gro
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3 Factorization of Finite Groups 87
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3 Factorization of Finite Groups 89
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4 Linear Independence and Rank 91 E
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4 Linear Independence and Rank 93 t
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5 Direct Sums of Cyclic Groups 95 P
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5 Direct Sums of Cyclic Groups 97 s
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6 Equivalent Presentations 99 (5) (
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6 Equivalent Presentations 101 Thes
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6 Equivalent Presentations 103 Equi
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7 Chains of Free Groups 105 For Ded
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7 Chains of Free Groups 107 We can
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7 Chains of Free Groups 109 Hill’
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7 Chains of Free Groups 111 which i
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8 Almost Free Groups 113 (D) Let 0
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8 Almost Free Groups 115 Proof. (a)
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8 Almost Free Groups 117 be done by
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8 Almost Free Groups 119 with. In t
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9 Shelah’s Singular Compactness T
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10 Groups with Discrete Norm 123 Di
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10 Groups with Discrete Norm 125 Ch
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11 Quasi-Projectivity 127 11 Quasi-
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11 Quasi-Projectivity 129 for diffe
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132 4 Divisibility and Injectivity
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150 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups or
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152 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups Pr
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154 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups ge
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158 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups Th
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160 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups ˛
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166 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups 5
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168 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups Le
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172 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups F
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174 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups (H
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176 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups Ma
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180 5 Purity and Basic Subgroups So
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Chapter 6 Algebraically Compact Gro
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1 Algebraic Compactness 185 of the
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1 Algebraic Compactness 187 Na j ;
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1 Algebraic Compactness 189 Here jG
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2 Complete Groups 191 is a Cauchy s
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2 Complete Groups 193 A ⏐ μ A A
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3 The Structure of Algebraically Co
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3 The Structure of Algebraically Co
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4 Pure-Injective Hulls 199 (2) The
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4 Pure-Injective Hulls 201 subgroup
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5 Locally Compact Groups 203 5 Loca
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5 Locally Compact Groups 205 Theore
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6 The Exchange Property 207 Evident
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6 The Exchange Property 209 In the
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6 The Exchange Property 211 to the
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Chapter 7 Homomorphism Groups Abstr
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1 Groups of Homomorphisms 215 (and
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1 Groups of Homomorphisms 217 is an
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1 Groups of Homomorphisms 219 F Not
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2 Algebraically Compact Homomorphis
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2 Algebraically Compact Homomorphis
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3 Small Homomorphisms 225 (3) The a
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3 Small Homomorphisms 227 completio
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Chapter 8 Tensor and Torsion Produc
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1 The Tensor Product 231 with the f
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1 The Tensor Product 233 for matchi
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1 The Tensor Product 235 finitely P
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2 The Torsion Product 237 (6) (a) I
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2 The Torsion Product 239 It is pre
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2 The Torsion Product 241 It remain
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3 Theorems on Tensor Products 243 T
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4 Theorems on Torsion Products 245
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5 Localization 251 (8) (Keef) If A
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5 Localization 253 Exercises (1) If
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256 9 Groups of Extensions and Coto
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300 10 Torsion Groups (A) If C is a
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302 10 Torsion Groups the indicator
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Page 362 and 363: 344 11 p-Groups with Elements of In
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404 11 p-Groups with Elements of In
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410 12 Torsion-Free Groups is calle
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412 12 Torsion-Free Groups Proof. L
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414 12 Torsion-Free Groups If A is
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416 12 Torsion-Free Groups Exercise
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418 12 Torsion-Free Groups Converse
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420 12 Torsion-Free Groups fa X j a
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422 12 Torsion-Free Groups and 0 !
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424 12 Torsion-Free Groups (ii) If
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426 12 Torsion-Free Groups number o
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428 12 Torsion-Free Groups along B
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430 12 Torsion-Free Groups whenever
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432 12 Torsion-Free Groups If we ha
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434 12 Torsion-Free Groups Then we
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436 12 Torsion-Free Groups (ii) For
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438 12 Torsion-Free Groups (7) (de
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440 12 Torsion-Free Groups it is ro
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442 12 Torsion-Free Groups 1 for `
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444 12 Torsion-Free Groups A D B i
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446 12 Torsion-Free Groups (5) For
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448 12 Torsion-Free Groups Proof. L
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450 12 Torsion-Free Groups local (T
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452 12 Torsion-Free Groups stable r
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454 12 Torsion-Free Groups (3) (War
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456 12 Torsion-Free Groups write x
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458 12 Torsion-Free Groups For thos
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460 12 Torsion-Free Groups A C 1
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462 12 Torsion-Free Groups ˛./.˛
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464 12 Torsion-Free Groups so the s
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466 12 Torsion-Free Groups followed
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468 12 Torsion-Free Groups (i) ther
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470 12 Torsion-Free Groups 11 Duali
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472 12 Torsion-Free Groups Lemma 11
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474 12 Torsion-Free Groups rk p D.A
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476 12 Torsion-Free Groups is proj(
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478 12 Torsion-Free Groups division
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Chapter 13 Torsion-Free Groups of I
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1 Direct Decompositions of Infinite
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2 Slender Groups 489 (6) A torsion-
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2 Slender Groups 491 Example 2.5. T
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2 Slender Groups 493 Proof. From Th
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2 Slender Groups 495 F Notes. The r
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3 Characterizations of Slender Grou
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3 Characterizations of Slender Grou
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4 Separable Groups 501 Exercises (1
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4 Separable Groups 503 where the G
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4 Separable Groups 505 In the follo
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4 Separable Groups 507 c C g D h 2
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5 Vector Groups 509 (7) Show that t
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5 Vector Groups 511 Isomorphism of
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6 Powers ofZ of Measurable Cardinal
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7 Whitehead Groups If V = L 519 (7)
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7 Whitehead Groups If V = L 521 Pro
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7 Whitehead Groups If V = L 523 Sˇ
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8 Whitehead Groups Under Martin’s
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8 Whitehead Groups Under Martin’s
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Chapter 14 Butler Groups Abstract T
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1 Finite Rank Butler Groups 531 and
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1 Finite Rank Butler Groups 533 Pro
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1 Finite Rank Butler Groups 535 Let
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2 Prebalanced and Decent Subgroups
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2 Prebalanced and Decent Subgroups
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3 The Torsion Extension Property 54
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4 Countable Butler Groups 547 (ii)
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5 B 1 -andB 2 -Groups 549 (F) Homog
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6 Solid Subgroups 551 understand th
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6 Solid Subgroups 553 fa n j n
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6 Solid Subgroups 555 Again changin
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7 Solid Chains 557 (4) A corank 1 s
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7 Solid Chains 559 B C1 =B admits
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7 Solid Chains 561 Lemma 7.6 (Bican
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8 Butler Groups of Uncountable Rank
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9 More on Infinite Butler Groups 56
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9 More on Infinite Butler Groups 57
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Chapter 15 Mixed Groups Abstract Mi
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1 Splitting Mixed Groups 575 For ev
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1 Splitting Mixed Groups 577 so A m
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2 Baer Groups are Free 579 (4) (Opp
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2 Baer Groups are Free 581 We note
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2 Baer Groups are Free 583 One does
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3 Valuated Groups. Height-Matrices
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4 Nice, Isotype, and Balanced Subgr
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5 Mixed Groups of Torsion-Free Rank
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5 Mixed Groups of Torsion-Free Rank
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6 Simply Presented Mixed Groups 597
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7 Warfield Groups 599 Exercises (1)
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7 Warfield Groups 601 (i) A=F is to
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7 Warfield Groups 603 Lemma 7.7 (St
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8 The Categories WALK and WARF 605
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8 The Categories WALK and WARF 607
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9 Projective Properties of Warfield
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9 Projective Properties of Warfield
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Chapter 16 Endomorphism Rings Abstr
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1 Endomorphism Rings 615 Lemma 1.5.
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1 Endomorphism Rings 617 For a subg
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1 Endomorphism Rings 619 Before sta
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1 Endomorphism Rings 621 Recently,
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2 Endomorphism Rings of p-Groups 62
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3 Endomorphism Rings of Torsion-Fre
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4 Endomorphism Rings of Special Gro
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5 Special Endomorphism Rings 637 se
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5 Special Endomorphism Rings 639 Pr
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5 Special Endomorphism Rings 641 Re
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6 Groups as Modules Over Their Endo
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7 Groups with Prescribed Endomorphi
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7 Groups with Prescribed Endomorphi
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656 17 Automorphism Groups Example
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658 17 Automorphism Groups linear g
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660 17 Automorphism Groups Exercise
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662 17 Automorphism Groups Accordin
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664 17 Automorphism Groups (2) If A
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666 17 Automorphism Groups (b) If G
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668 17 Automorphism Groups Then a 7
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670 17 Automorphism Groups for all
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Chapter 18 Groups in Rings and in F
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1 Additive Groups of Rings and Modu
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2 Rings on Groups 677 (11) For a ri
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2 Rings on Groups 679 is a subring,
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2 Rings on Groups 681 Beaumont-Lawv
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3 Additive Groups of Noetherian Rin
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4 Additive Groups of Artinian Rings
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4 Additive Groups of Artinian Rings
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5 Additive Groups of Regular Rings
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5 Additive Groups of Regular Rings
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6 E-Rings 693 (2) A group is isomor
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6 E-Rings 695 (F) Every endomorphis
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7 Groups of Units in Commutative Ri
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7 Groups of Units in Commutative Ri
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8 Multiplicative Groups of Fields 7
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References Books D.M. Arnold — [A
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References 709 D.M. Arnold, R. Hunt
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References 711 R. Burkhardt — [1]
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References 713 M. Dugas — [1] Fas
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References 715 A.A. Fomin — [1] T
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References 717 R. Göbel, S. Shelah
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References 719 P. Hill, M. Lane, C.
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References 721 A. Kertész — [1]
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References 723 A. Mader — [1] On
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References 725 L.G. Nongxa — [1]
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References 727 endomorphism rings.
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References 729 G.M. Tsukerman — [
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Author Index A Abel, N.H., vii Albr
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Author Index 733 Grinshpon, S.Ya.,
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Author Index 735 O’Neill, J.D., 3
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Subject Index A Abelian group, 1 Ab
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Subject Index 739 homomorphism, 37,
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Subject Index 741 Full rational gro
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Subject Index 743 Łoś-Eda theorem
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Subject Index 745 Rank 1 torsion-fr
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Subject Index 747 vector space, 334
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Abelian Groups - László Fuchs [Springer]

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