Introduction to Basic Legal Citation - access-to-law home

§ 6-560. Short Form Citations - Journal Articles
Full Citation
Stephen J. Legatzke, Note, The Equitable Recoupment Doctrine in United States v. Dalm:
Where's the Equity, 10 Va. Tax Rev. 861 (1991).
Short Form Citations
Id.
Id. at 862.
Legatzke, supra.
Legatzke, supra at 862.
Use id. if the authority is the same as the immediately preceding authority. Use supra if not
referring to the immediately preceding authority.
§ 6-600. Context Examples
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Adapted from Respondent's Brief, Int'l Soc'y for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee,
505 U.S. 672 (1992).
Since the 1974 decision in Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298 (1974), this Court
has relied upon public forum analysis to decide cases in which persons have sought to use
government property for expressive activity in violation of rules which restrict or prohibit
such activity. See United States v. Kokinda, 497 U.S. 720, 725 (1990).
This Court has held that a site owned by the government is a traditional public forum only if it
is among "those places which 'by long tradition or by government fiat have been devoted to
assembly and debate."' Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 802, quoting, Perry Educ. Ass'n, 460 U.S. at 45.
This description hearkens back to the often-quoted passage from Hague v. CIO, 307 U.S. 496
(1939):
Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust
for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly,
communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions. Such use of the
streets and public places has, from ancient times, been a part of the privileges, immunities,
rights, and liberties of citizens.
Id. at 515.
The Port Authority airports' sole purpose of facilitating air travel is reflected in all of their
characteristics - planning, operation, design, usage, financing, lack of integration with
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