Introduction to Basic Legal Citation - access-to-law home

§ 2-115. Electronic Sources – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
§ 2-115 Examples:
– Steve Kenney & John Borking, The Value of Privacy Engineering, 2002(1) J. Info.
L. & Tech. (Mar. 22, 2002), http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/ejl/jilt/2002-
1/kenny/. [Per the ALWD Citation Manual.]
– American Bar Association, Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar,
Legal Education Statistics from ABA-Approved Law Schools (available at
http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/statistics.html)
(accessed Oct. 15, 2012). [Per the ALWD Citation Manual.]
– World Bank, Old Age Security: Pension Reform in China 2 (1997) (available at
http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000178830_981
01912211149) [Per the ALWD Citation Manual.]
Point 1: The ALWD Citation Manual treats these situations somewhat differently than the
principle set out in § 2-110(1). It provides specifically for electronic journals, placing the
URL, without signal, at the end of the citation, and for cases, where it places the URL or
commercial database cite directly following the parties' names (see § 2-225). As to other
material, whether available from both print and electronic sources or only electronic ones, it
places the electronic address (URL, Westlaw or LexisNexis cite, database identifier) in a
parenthetical preceded by "available in" or "available at".
Point 2: The first edition of the ALWD Citation Manual placed URLs in angle brackets; but
now, like The Bluebook, it leaves them off.
Point 3: The ALWD Citation Manual favors the use of "last updated" over "last modified"
and "accessed" over "last visited".
§ 2-120. Electronic Sources – Variants and Special Cases
§ 2-120 Example
– James Grimmelmann, The Structure of Search Engine Law 45 (New York Law
School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 06/07-23, 2007), available at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=979568.
Scholarly articles frequently appear online prior to their appearance in print, if, indeed, that
ever occurs. Often, they are issued in an institution's working paper series. Where that is the
case, the working paper designation and number should be included in the citation in the
parenthesis containing the date.
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