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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Mitigative Measures against Snow Avalanches Egilsstaðir, Iceland, March 11–14, 2008 Geirsson, S. 1983. Norðfjörður, saga útgerðar og fiskvinnslu. SÚN, Síldarvinnslan HF. Neskaupstaður. Geirsson, S. 1993. Saga norðfirskrar verkalýðshreyfingar, fyrri hluti. Nesprent hf. Neskaupstaður. Grímsdóttir, H. 1997. Byggingarár húsa á Seyðisfirði. Icel. Meteorol. Office, Report 97016. Grímsdóttir, H. 1998. Viðhorf og viðbrögð við ofanflóðahættu í Neskaupstað. B.S. thesis at the University of Iceland. Grímsdóttir, H. 1998. Byggingarár húsa á Siglufirði. Icel. Meteorol. Office, Report 99014. Grímsdóttir, H. 1999. Byggingarár húsa á Ísafirði. Icel. Meteorol. Office, Report 99014. IMO’s avalanche data base. 2008. Líndal, P. 1982. Bæirnir byggjast. Yfirlit um þróun skipulagsmála á Íslandi til ársins 1938. Skipulagsstjóri ríkisins og sögufélag, Reykjavík. Pálsson, Z. 1990. Ágrip af sögu skipulagsmála í einstökum sveitarfélögum 1938−1988. Reykjavík. Skipulag ríkisins. Zoëga, G, G. Hannesson and G. Samúelsson. 1928. Lýsing á skipulagi Norðfjarðarkauptúns. Jafnaðarmaðurinn. Verkalýðssamband Austurlands. Informants: Magnús Guðmundsson, teacher and director, b.1923, d. 1999 Einar Guðmundsson, small boat fisherman, b. 1919, d. 1998 Stefán Þorleifsson, teacher, b. 1916. 162 The effect of avalanches on the spatial development of settlements in Iceland
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Mitigative Measures against Snow Avalanches Egilsstaðir, Iceland, March 11–14, 2008 Application of two-dimensional avalanche model simulations at the Icelandic Meteorological Office Eiríkur Gíslason Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegi 9, IS-150 Reykjavík, ICELAND e-mail: eg (at) vedur.is ABSTRACT The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) has used two-dimensional avalanche models for various applications since the year 2000. This paper summarises some results of this work and briefly outlines methods and operational guidelines that have been established. The IMO has been running the samosAT model for a couple of years following an initial calibration and verification. The concepts developed at IMO, of a standard path and run-out index scale for the run-out distance of avalanches, have now been expanded into two dimensions using samosAT. Model parameters that allow simulation of avalanches over a wide size range have been specified. This simplifies the operation of the model and allows comparison of results for different avalanche paths. It also allows a more systematic use of 2D models in hazard mapping and other applications that require study of avalanche motion. Examples of such applications are described. 1. INTRODUCTION The SAMOS model was developed for the Austrian Avalanche and Torrent Research Institute in Innsbruck by the consulting company AVL in Graz (Zwinger and others, 2003). Initially, an earlier version of the model, now referred to as SAMOS99, was used at IMO and the model runs were performed at AVL. Before that work commenced, the model was run for the catastrophic avalanche from Skollahvilft at Flateyri in northwest Iceland in 1995 in order to check the applicability of the parameter values that are traditionally adopted for the model in Austria. It was concluded from these runs that the same input parameters can be used for the SAMOS99 model for Icelandic conditions as are traditionally used in Austria (Jóhannesson and others, 2001). A new version of the SAMOS model has now been introduced, referred to as samosAT. The IMO has been running this version of the model for a couple of years. The application of the new samosAT model version at the IMO was initiated with a study of the performance of the model for several well known Icelandic avalanches and a comparison of simulations of the new model with simulations of SAMOS99. For this purpose, the avalanche path of Skollahvilft at Flateyri was again of great significance because of the well-known avalanche history and the earlier modelling attempts. It was found that the default parameters of samosAT, with the “samos classic” fiction model, did not give good results for the Icelandic avalanches that were modelled. After calibration and verification of the model, a recommended set of model parameters to be used in Iceland was established (Gíslason and Jóhannesson, 2007). Gíslason 163
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Guðmundur Heiðreksson Int
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Sponsored by: • The Association o
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