<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mitigative</strong> <strong>Measures</strong> <strong>against</strong> <strong>Snow</strong> Avalanches Egilsstaðir, Iceland, March 11–14, 2008 5. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD The indexing system has been tested <strong>on</strong> few of the avalanche paths in an avalanche pr<strong>on</strong>e area in northern Iceland between Dalvík village and Ólafsfjörður village. At the moment <strong>on</strong>ly few categories have been tested, more will be d<strong>on</strong>e later. Table 4 The table shows an example of how this method can be applied. Few of the paths are compared here for the road secti<strong>on</strong>. Inclinati<strong>on</strong> of distal side Distance to an obstacle or a cliff Width of Sum Path# Distance to rescue base path Number of avalanches Frequency 25 WDT 2008 Index Rank Weight# 0,2 0,15 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,15 1,00 [Km] [Min.] Grade Grade Grade [m] Grade [n/25Year] [t] Grade [veh/day] Grade 05BF01 6,0 22,0 2,3 2,0 5,0 170 0,0 15 0,6 2,9 480 2,3 2,7 10 05BF02 6,1 22,0 2,3 3,0 5,0 170 0,0 15 0,6 2,9 480 2,3 2,8 12 05BF03 6,2 22,1 2,2 3,0 5,0 0 5,0 0 0,0 5,0 480 2,3 3,7 16 05BF04 6,3 22,1 2,2 2,0 5,0 0 5,0 0 0,0 5,0 480 2,3 3,6 15 05BF05 6,4 22,1 2,1 2,0 2,0 70 3,0 21 0,8 2,1 480 2,3 2,2 6 05BF06 6,4 22,1 2,1 2,0 2,0 70 3,0 21 0,8 2,1 480 2,3 2,2 6 05BF07 6,5 22,2 2,1 2,0 3,0 70 3,0 35 1,4 0,1 480 2,3 2,0 4 05BF08 6,8 22,3 1,9 2,0 3,0 70 3,0 36 1,4 0,0 480 2,3 1,9 2 05BF09 6,8 22,3 1,9 2,0 3,0 70 3,0 36 1,4 0,0 480 2,3 1,9 2 05BF10 6,9 22,3 1,9 3,0 3,0 50 2,0 9 0,4 3,8 480 2,3 2,7 11 05BF11 7,0 22,3 1,8 4,0 2,0 50 2,0 9 0,4 3,8 480 2,3 2,7 9 05DF02 9,5 23,2 0,7 1,0 1,0 70 3,0 9 0,4 3,8 480 2,3 1,9 1 05EF01 10,5 23,5 0,3 4,0 5,0 80 3,0 8 0,3 3,9 480 2,3 3,1 13 05EF02 10,9 23,6 0,1 2,0 5,0 0 5,0 0 0,0 5,0 480 2,3 3,2 14 05EF03 11,1 23,7 0,0 2,0 3,0 130 0,0 9 0,4 3,8 480 2,3 2,0 5 05EF04 11,1 23,7 0,0 4,0 4,0 130 0,0 9 0,4 3,8 480 2,3 2,5 8 Figure 1. This aerial photo shows the observati<strong>on</strong> area, inside the large ellipse, <strong>on</strong> the Ólafsfjarðarvegur road stretch between Dalvík and Ólafsfjörður villages north of Akureyri, Iceland. The vertical ellipse <strong>on</strong> the left depicts the initially “worst” site and the <strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> the right depicts the “new worst” site. Aerial photo: Iceland Geodetic Survey. 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This method was tested in <strong>on</strong>e project carried out by ORION C<strong>on</strong>sulting for the Icelandic Road Authority. The avalanche site is al<strong>on</strong>g the main highway from the village Dalvik to the village Ólafsfjörður in northern Iceland. Avalanches hit the road quite frequently; see report by ORION (Jónss<strong>on</strong>, 2007). The report describes the frequency of avalanches at known and “unknown” tracks and the individual risk for road users as a result of an avalanche encounter. 212 Avalanche index for roads
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mitigative</strong> <strong>Measures</strong> <strong>against</strong> <strong>Snow</strong> Avalanches Egilsstaðir, Iceland, March 11–14, 2008 It also describes the worst avalanche track according to the method used in the report. After applying this indexing method a different avalanche track was c<strong>on</strong>sidered to be the worst and the former worst was c<strong>on</strong>sidered to be the sec<strong>on</strong>d worst. The reas<strong>on</strong> for this is that even though avalanches are not that frequent the c<strong>on</strong>sequences were not taken into account. This “new” worst site is <strong>on</strong>ly within 25 m from a cliff and the sea but the former worst is around 100 m from a cliff. This method is in its early stage, further discussi<strong>on</strong> and comments are welcome. 7. CONCLUSION Limited tools are available for the road authorities to quantify the severity of an avalanche accident <strong>on</strong> the road network. The proposed avalanche indexing method for roads aims first of all to help the road authorities to be able to quantify the need for measures in small or large avalanche areas. It is a simple method but it gives good informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> avalanche paths <strong>on</strong> the road network that need to be protected from avalanches. REFERENCES Falk, M., H. Brugger and L. Adler-Kastner. 1994. Avalanche survival chances. Nature, 368. Kristensen, K., C. B. Harbitz and A. Harbitz. 2003. EU program CADZIE; Road traffic and avalanches – Methods for risk evaluati<strong>on</strong> and risk management. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 603–616. Margreth, S., L. Stoffel and C. Wilhelm. 2003. Winter opening of high alpine passroadsanalysis and case studies from the Swiss Alps. Cold Regi<strong>on</strong> Science and Technology, 37, 467–482. Jónss<strong>on</strong>, Á. 2007. Ólafsfjarðarvegur (82); Dalvík – Ólafsfjörður; Greinargerð um snjóflóð, snjóflóðahættu og tillögur um varnaraðgerðir. Reykjavík: ORION Ráðgöf ehf. Jónss<strong>on</strong> and Kristensen 213
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