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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mitigative</strong> <strong>Measures</strong> <strong>against</strong> <strong>Snow</strong> Avalanches<br />

Egilsstaðir, Iceland, March 11–14, 2008<br />

The maximum deflecting angle of a deflecting dam has not been discussed but is an important<br />

by-product of the theory. The theory also has the potential to be used to estimate spreading of<br />

an avalanche downstream of a deflecting dam (Hogg and others, 2005).<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Baillifard, M.-A. 2007. Interacti<strong>on</strong> between snow avalanches and catching dams. Ph.D. thesis<br />

at ETH Zurich.<br />

Gray, J. M. N. T., Y.-C. Tai, and S. Noelle. 2003. Shock waves, dead-z<strong>on</strong>es and particle-free<br />

regi<strong>on</strong>s in rapid granular free surface flows. J. Fluid Mech., 491, 161–181.<br />

Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir, K. M. 2004. The interacti<strong>on</strong> between snow avalanches and dams. Ph.D. thesis<br />

at the University of Bristol, 111–132.<br />

Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir, K. M., and A. J. Hogg. 2005. Oblique shocks in rapid granular flows. Phys.<br />

Fluids 17, 077101.<br />

Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir, K. M., A. J. Hogg, J. Batey and A. W. Woods. 2003. Flying avalanches. Geophys.<br />

Res. Lett., 30(23), 2191, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018172.<br />

Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir, K. M., and G. G. Tómass<strong>on</strong>. 2005. Snjóflóð ofan Tengivirkis í Fljótsdal.<br />

Yfirferð hönnunarforsenda og stærðarákvörðun fleygs (<strong>Snow</strong> avalanches above the<br />

switchgear house in Fljósdalur. Design assumpti<strong>on</strong>s and dimensi<strong>on</strong>ing of the splitter).<br />

Technical Report RE-VST-01, 2005-0301, KEJV.<br />

Hogg, A. J., J. M. N. T. Gray and X. Cui. 2005. Granular Vacua. Powders and Grains (Ed.<br />

Garcia-Rojo, Herrmann and McNamara), 929–933.<br />

Jóhanness<strong>on</strong>, T. 2001. Run-up of two avalanches <strong>on</strong> the deflecting dams at Flateyri, northwestern<br />

Iceland. A. Glaciol., 32, 350–354.<br />

Jóhanness<strong>on</strong>, T., and K. M. Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir. 2003. Remarks <strong>on</strong> the design of avalanche braking<br />

mounds based <strong>on</strong> experiments in 3, 6, 9 and 34 m l<strong>on</strong>g chutes. Technical Report 03024,<br />

The Icelandic Meteorological Office.<br />

McClung, D. M and P. Schaerer. 1993. The Avalanche Handbook. Seattle, The Mountaineers.<br />

Peregrine, D.H. 2003. Water-wave impact <strong>on</strong> walls. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 35, 23–43.<br />

Salm, B., A. Burkard and H. U. Gubler. 1990. Berechnung v<strong>on</strong> Fliesslawinen. Eine Anleitung<br />

fuer Praktiker mit Bleispielen. Davos, Eidgenössisches Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung,<br />

Mitteilungen Nr. 47.<br />

SATSIE (Avalanche Studies and Model Validati<strong>on</strong> in Europe). 2006. The design of avalanche<br />

protecti<strong>on</strong> dams. Recent practical and theoretical developments. 1-DRAFT. (PDF<br />

available at http://www.leeds.ac.uk/satsie/docs/satsie_d14.pdf, January 16, 2008).<br />

Savage, S. B. 1979. Gravity flow of cohesi<strong>on</strong>less granular materials in chutes and channels. J.<br />

Fluid Mec., 92(1), 26–34.<br />

Sigurðss<strong>on</strong>, F., G. G. Tómass<strong>on</strong> and F. Rapin. Neskaupstaður. 1998. Avalanche defence<br />

appraisal. Drangagil area. Technical Report 97.202, VST C<strong>on</strong>sulting Engineers Ltd.<br />

Sigurðss<strong>on</strong>, F., G. G. Tómass<strong>on</strong>, H. D. Indriðas<strong>on</strong> and K. M. Hák<strong>on</strong>ardóttir. 2005. Snjóflóðavarnir<br />

í Vesturbyggð. Búðargil á Bíldudal. Frumathugun (Avalanche appraisal study for<br />

Búðargil in Bíldudalur). Technical Report 2003.1004, VST C<strong>on</strong>sulting Engineers Ltd.<br />

Sovilla, B., M. Schaer, M. Kern and P. Bartelt. 2008. Impact pressures and flow regimes in<br />

dense snow avalanches observed at the Vallée de la Si<strong>on</strong>ne test site, J. Geophys. Res.,<br />

doi:10.1029/2006JF000688, in press.<br />

84 The design of avalanche protecti<strong>on</strong> dams based <strong>on</strong> new design criteria:<br />

Three different case studiew

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