DESIGN, ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE ...

Figure 2.25 Model binary phase diagram showing the showing the composition and
temperature associated with liquid phase sintering in the L+S2 phase field 38 . ................. 46
Figure 2.26 Geometric representations of the solid-liquid-vapor equilibrium conditions
for good wetting and poor wetting conditions 38 . .............................................................. 47
Figure 2.27 Capillary force between particles: a) model for calculating the capillary force:
two spherical particles with a liquid bridge and the geometric factors, and b) effects of
good wetting and poor wetting on particles 38 . .................................................................. 50
Figure 2.28 A schematic illustration of a composite material 41 . ....................................... 54
Figure 2.29 Types of composite material based on the form of the reinforcement 42
....... 55
Figure 2.30 Schematic illustration of functionally graded dental implant vs. full ceramic
dental implant: a) functionally graded dental implant made of Ti (●) and hydroxyapatite
(○), b) expected properties of the functionally graded dental implant, and c) full ceramic
implant 47 . ........................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 2.31 Classification of FGM processing methods involving a metallic phase 44 . .... 62
Figure 2.32 Schematic illustration of a FGM structure formed by powder blending,
powder stacking and sintering. The micrograph on the right is for the corresponding
structure after densification 44 . ........................................................................................... 63
Figure 2.33 Schematic of automatic powder stacking systems: a) for FGM strip
production 53 ; b) for graded cylindrical structures 54 . ......................................................... 64
Figure 2.34 a) Volume fraction of equisized spherical inclusion phase above which there
is sufficient percolation for this phase to prevent sintering of the matrix in the as-packed
green powder compact: from computer simulation of Bouvard and Lange 65 , and b)
Experimental data for the volume fraction of second phase at the onset of percolation
measured in densified FGM composites produced by powder metallurgy, superimposed
on the above theoretical curve 71 . Within experimental error, measured values generally
agree with the theoretical predictions 73 . ............................................................................ 69
x