DESIGN, ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE ...

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φsolids=0.32 and φsolids=0.44 suspensions are too agglomerated to allow a meaningful viscosity measurement. An increasing ηapp is observed for φsolids=0.32 and φsolids=0.44 at surfactant concentrations greater than 1.3 mg/m 2 and 1.5 mg/m 2 , respectively. In the same surfactant concentration range ηapp of φsolids=0.11 and φsolids=0.17 suspensions exhibits no significant change. An explanation for the observed ηapp behavior is likely to include these considerations: i) at a low φsolids, less collision and friction between carbon black particles result in a very low ηapp, provided that the agglomeration in suspension is statistically insignificant. It is likely the case for the suspensions with φsolids = 0.11 and φsolids = 0.17 at the surfactant concentration ≥1.25 mg/m 88 2 . When the surfactant concentration is too low, as 0.9 mg/m 2 for the φsolids = 0.11 suspension and 1.1 mg/m 2 for the φsolids = 0.17 suspension, the amount of agglomerated particles increases. These particles collide with one another upon shearing and lead to higher ηapp. ii) As φsolids increases, the ηapp of the suspension is expected to increase and the effect of agglomerated particles on the magnitude of ηapp becomes significant. Suspensions with less than 1.3 mg/m 2 surfactant concentration become dilatant. A higher surfactant concentration is needed to achieve a low ηapp. This trend is shown by the minimal ηapp of fully dispersed φsolids=0.44 suspension at surfactant concentration of 1.5 mg/m 2 , and of φsolids=0.32 suspension at surfactant concentration of 1.3 mg/m 2 where insignificant agglomeration could still exist. iii) An excessive surfactant addition (>1.5 mg/m 2 ) shows a positive correlation with the ηapp of high φsolids suspensions due to the increase of surfactant concentration in the aqueous medium; however, such increase in low φsolids suspension is much less and insignificant to cause a rise in ηapp. Based on these analyses,
the optimized surfactant concentration is chosen at 1.5 mg/m 2 . This value is consistent with the concentration value in the range of 1.5-2.0 mg/m 2 , given in adsorption isotherms and viscosity profiles for 10% (w/w) carbon black (Elftex 125, Cabot Chemical Corporation, Ellesmere Port, UK) dispersions reported by Miano et al. 98 , using nonylphenol polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide surfactants with different ethylene oxide chain lengths. The higher values in his study could likely be ascribed to the extra section of polyethylene oxide chain in the surfactant molecule structure and possibly different carbon black surface physicochemical properties. Figure 3.2 Apparent viscosity ηapp of carbon black dispersions at φsolids from 0.11 to 0.445. The surfactant concentration is calculated per unit particle surface area. Apparent viscosity ηapp of each carbon black suspension is compared at shear rate γ� = 1 s -1 only. Error bars are too narrow to show on this plot. 89
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DESIGN, ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTERIZATI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost
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CHAPTER 5 BARIUM TITANATE NICKEL CO
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Table 6.1 Formulations of aqueous c
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Figure 2.12 Schematic illustrations
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Figure 2.35 Schematic of the SHS pr
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Figure 4.9 Sintered nickel lattices
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Figure 6.12 Optical image of the cr
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1.1. Motivation CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCT
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and characterizing rheological prop
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2.1. Materials System CHAPTER 2 BAC
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2.2. Reentrant Structures and Ceram
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devices would provide self-sustaini
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a) b) Figure 2.4 Schematic illustra
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production of concept models, injec
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was
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Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)
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Inkjet printing (IP) 27 is based on
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Table 2.1 Comparisons of various SF
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Figure 2.11 Processing steps involv
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2.4.1 Colloidal Inks The printing i
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Robocasting has lacked a well-desig
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Table 2.2 Example polymers that dep
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2.6. Sintering In robocasting, sint
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Figure 2.15 Sphere and plate model
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where
Page 53 and 54: 2.5.3 Solid State Sintering In this
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.18 Illustration of neck gr
Page 57 and 58: 2.5.3.4 Final Stage During this sta
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.23 Schematic diagram of th
Page 61 and 62: 2.5.4.2 Rearrangement With the form
Page 63 and 64: 2.5.4.6 Spreading of Sintering Aid
Page 65 and 66: Driven by reduction of free energy,
Page 67 and 68: 2.5.5 Sintering Atmosphere Sinterin
Page 69 and 70: 2.7. Composite Materials In this re
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.29 Types of composite mate
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.6 Examples of composite mat
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.7 Examples of FGM applicati
Page 77 and 78: 2.7.3 Processing For the fabricatio
Page 79 and 80: prepared discrete layers of uniform
Page 81 and 82: Powder densification processes gene
Page 83 and 84: The specific volume fraction beyond
Page 85 and 86: a) b) Figure 2.34 a) Volume fractio
Page 87 and 88: When the powders are densified in s
Page 89 and 90: Various FGM coating processes are a
Page 91 and 92: of FGMs, such as partially reactive
Page 93 and 94: leading to a characteristic time τ
Page 95 and 96: 3.1 Introduction CHAPTER 3 AQUEOUS
Page 97 and 98: occurs in a multi-step process: fir
Page 99 and 100: a) b) Figure 3.1 a) SEM image of as
Page 101 and 102: 3.2.3 Preparation of Carbon Black C
Page 103: 3.2.5 Drying Shrinkage Characteriza
Page 107 and 108: The storage modulus of a colloidal
Page 109 and 110: For HA ink, yield stress
Page 111 and 112: In the case of the aqueous carbon b
Page 113 and 114: PPO units of Pluronic F-127 may ads
Page 115 and 116: a) b) Figure 3.6 A carbon black lat
Page 117 and 118: a) b) Figure 3.7 SEM images of a) c
Page 119 and 120: TGA plot is in agreement with previ
Page 121 and 122: a) b) Figure 3.9 Thermogravimetric
Page 123 and 124: 3.3.8 Fabrication of Complex Cerami
Page 125 and 126: c) d) 109
Page 127 and 128: 3.4 Conclusion A fugitive support m
Page 129 and 130: metal inks have been reported for R
Page 131 and 132: Midland, MI) 5% by weight stock sol
Page 133 and 134: 4.2.5. Thermal Degradation of Binde
Page 135 and 136: 4.3. Results and Discussion 4.3.1.
Page 137 and 138: 4.3.2. Preparation of Nickel Ink Su
Page 139 and 140: 260 °C for 8 hours, the residual c
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.1 Calculated residual carbo
Page 143 and 144: a) b) Figure 4.6 Sintered Ni struct
Page 145 and 146: temperature 138, 139 lead to 92-95%
Page 147 and 148: Figure 4.8 Scanning electron microg
Page 149 and 150: c) Figure 4.9 Sintered nickel latti
Page 151 and 152: 5.1. Introduction CHAPTER 5 BARIUM
Page 153 and 154: materials within the overall struct
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40:60, 60:40, 80:20 are separately
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5.2.3. Rheological Characterization
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5.2.5. Co-sintering and Re-oxidatio
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mixing, BT and Ni phases appear uni
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The combined use of PAA and PAA-90K
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To quantify this difference in sint
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As the BT and Ni particles used in
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The reducing atmosphere used in the
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Figure 5.7 Vickers hardness number
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5.3.6. Fabrication of BT-Ni composi
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modify the sintering kinetics of th
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a) b) Figure 5.10 Co-sintered compo
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5.4. Conclusions Freeform fabricati
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Liquid phase sintering involves usi
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(pH=4.4, 31.5% by weight) (Adva Flo
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concentration of 7 mg/mL in the aqu
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Table 6.1 Formulations of aqueous c
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thickness. Each layer of the struct
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6.2.6. Hardness Test Microindentati
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micrographs for these two powders.
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Second, the added LiAC∙2H2O is am
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Figure 6.3 Oscillatory behavior for
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a) b) Figure 6.4 Sintering strain c
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mass transport in LFBT network. 167
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The above discussion is mainly focu
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Figure 6.8 shows the bowtie-shaped
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Figure 6.10 A NPR composite of para
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etween BT and Ni phases. But Zn ele
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Figure 6.13 Scanning electron micro
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Figure 6.15 shows the mapping of Ti
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Figure 6.17 and Figure 6.18 show el
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Figure 6.19 shows element mapping f
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6.3.7. Piezoelectricity and Dielect
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6.4. Conclusions Aqueous colloidal
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geometric features, including non-s
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3. Development of aqueous colloidal
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7.2. Recommendations In the context
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gelation behavior. κ-carrageenan i
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REFERENCES 1. Larsson 9301647, 1993
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29. Simchi, A.; Petzoldt, F.; Pohl,
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61. Bouvard, D., Acta Metallurgica
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92. Morissette, S. L.; Lewis, J. A.
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120. Boehm, H. P., Some Aspects of
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150. Atkinson, A., Growth of Nio an
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APPENDICES A. Mathematical Modeling
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and
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conditions: Equation A.12 is solved
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and with
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a) b) Figure B.1 a) Freeze-dried st
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a) Figure C.1 Cr-Ni lattices of 5Cr
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E. Binary Phase Diagram of ZnO-B2O3
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References A.1. Du, Z., Sarofim, A.
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Name: Jian Xu Date of Degree: May,
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