DESIGN, ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE ...

Figure 2.35 Schematic of the SHS process 45
.................................................................... 72
Figure 2.36 Schematic of plasma spraying of FGM coating 45 . ......................................... 73
Figure 2.37 Schematic illustration of the apparatus for the electro-deposition of graded
bimetallic layers 44 . ............................................................................................................ 74
Figure 3.1 a) SEM image of as-received carbon black powder, and b) HRTEM of
Monarch 120 aggregates 102 to illustrate the hierarchy structures in carbon black
aggregates. ........................................................................................................................ 83
Figure 3.2 Apparent viscosity ηapp of carbon black dispersions at φsolids from 0.11 to 0.445.
The surfactant concentration is calculated per unit particle surface area. Apparent
viscosity ηapp of each carbon black suspension is compared at shear rate γ� = 1 s -1 only.
Error bars are too narrow to show on this plot. ................................................................. 89
Figure 3.3 Comparison of rheological properties of carbon black ink, carbon black gel
without HPMC, and HA: a) G' as a function of τ; b) τ as a function of γ� . ..................... 92
Figure 3.4 Comparison of oscillatory behavior between φsolids = 0.44 carbon black gels
stabilized by Makon 10 and NP 4070 respectively. .......................................................... 94
Figure 3.5 Schematic illustration of carbon black hydro-gel network. The effect of HPMC
is not depicted here. Presumably HPMC strengthens inter-linking between NP4070
surfactant molecules and Pluronic F-127. ......................................................................... 96
Figure 3.6 A carbon black lattice structure after: a) printing and b) drying ..................... 99
Figure 3.7 SEM images of a) carbon black lattices structure b) as-dried carbon black ink
......................................................................................................................................... 101
Figure 3.8 TGA plot for CB oxidation in air a) oil-containing CB ink, b) as-dried CB ink.
......................................................................................................................................... 104
xi