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114 THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK ROB LaPOINTE FASTENER SCIENCE PRECISION, ACCURACY AND SIGNIFICANCE IN MEASUREMENT from page 8 The speed of light in empty space can be considered a constant. Although it was first measured by Ole Romer, a Danish astronomer, in 1676, the theory that established the speed of light to be a constant and declared a value for it, wasn’t established until 1905 by Einstein’s Special Relativity. In Special Relativity, the speed of light is the proportionality constant between matter and energy in the famous equation E = mc2, where E is energy, m is matter and c is the speed of light. Solving this equation for c, gives us c= √(E/m). This relationship established the speed of light as a constant of proportionality that is irrespective of the measured speed for light. Although we consider the speed of light in a vacuum to be absolute in nature, the measurement of its speed is not. Measuring the speed of light is difficult and requires much ingenuity and expense to produce and operate instruments and provide results comparable to its theoretical value. Ole Romer measured the speed of light using a good understanding of orbital dynamics, a telescope, and a basic clock. Romer noticed the time between successive eclipses of Jupiter’s moon, Io by Jupiter got longer as the distance between Earth and Jupiter was getting larger and became shorter as the distance between the two bodies got smaller. Romer realized that the relative positions of Earth and Jupiter had no impact on the orbital period of Io and reasoned that orbital timing differences were due to the differences in light’s travel time between the two bodies as their separation distance changed. This observational discrepancy in orbital period and its reasoned solution were incredible as it firmly established a finite velocity for light in a time where light was thought to travel instantaneously. In fact, Romer observations were used by Christian Huygens to measure the speed of light at 131,000 miles per second, not far from our currently measured value of 186,000 miles per second (299,000 kilometers per second). As tools and techniques became better, the speed of light was ultimately measured in 1972 to be 299,792.457 ± 0.001 kilometers per second. It was at this level of quality that the measurement of length of a meter was FIGURE 3 TRAVEL TIME FOR LIGHT INSIDE THE MILKY WAY GALAXY rivaled by measurement of the speed of light using an accepted length of the meter. Because the value of the speed of light was measured to within an error of 1 meter per second, the standards committee’s decided, in 1983, to fix the speed of light at exactly 299,792,458 m/s and use this established rate to refine the measure of distance. Using this established value for the speed of light, the unit of the meter is measured to be the distance that light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. When making measurements, there are three principles that we must understand to correctly communicate our measurements to others and for us to correctly understand the measurements that others make. These concepts are fundamental to measurement and calculations using measurements. Making measurements and making calculations using these values is integral to our work in the fastener industry. Precision Precision is the quality of measurement and is related to the instrument used to make the measurement. To better understand the implications of this statement, let’s imagine measuring the surface dimensions of a table as in Figure 4. We see the accepted length of the table is 2 meters and its width is 1.5 meters. Now let’s imagine that we have a stick that we affectionately call our “meter stick.” Our meter stick does not have any marks on it, but we can clearly see that its length is defined by its ends. CONTINUED ON PAGE 168
INTERNATIONAL FASTENERS, INC. THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK 115 Tampa . Charlotte . Chicago . Dallas . Los Angeles . Philadelphia TEL 1-888-241-0203 FAX 1-888-241-2096 EMAIL sales@daggerz.com WEB www.daggerz.com TEST YOUR DRYWALL SCREW IQ…DAGGERZ STYLE! Did you know that International Fasteners, Inc. has a full line of Drywall Screws to meet the needs of any Distributor’s professional Drywall Contractor? Drywall screws come in a variety of finishes and points and are not just used for drywall anymore. Even though they are used everywhere and in all types of construction, they are mainly used in interior applications and the screws are needed all year long. Work does not stop due to bad weather once the job has moved inside. Are you drywall-savvy? Do you know which screws you need to supply to your customer? The Coarse thread Drywall screws are used to attach drywall to wood and are stocked in phosphate, zinc, and yellow zinc. Daggerz brand Fine thread Drywall Screws are also available for thin gauge metal requirements in phosphate, or zinc. The most common use is 1-1/8” or 1-1/4” screws for 1/2” board and 1-1/4” or 1-5/8” for 5/8” board. Different lengths of the screws can be used in multi-layer drywall applications. Hi-Low threads will work in either wood or metal applications and have popularity in different segments of the country. Gypsum into 20-12 gauge steel studs with require bugle self drill screws, available in phosphate, zinc, or long life Dagger- Guard Coated for exterior sheathing applications. These screws also have an ICC Listing for applications requiring the approval code. For framing, Phillips Pan Framing and Phillips Modified Truss are available in a variety of sizes and lengths to get the job done. Premium drill point and twin lead sharp point assure “walk-free” penetration every time. And, don’t forget about the Laminating Screw, which temporarily attaches gypsum to gypsum. All Daggerz brand drywall screws are packaged in color coded cartons for ease of material identification and are also available in 1lb and 5lb tubs. BUSINESS FOCUS ARTICLE INTERNATIONAL FASTENERS, INC.
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