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188 THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK LAURENCE CLAUS DIFFICULT FASTENING APPLICATIONS - PART 3: MIXED MATERIAL JOINTS from page 185 Like “flow drill screwing” the fastener component is rotated at extremely high rpms allowing it to pierce the top aluminum sheet and friction weld itself to the ultrahigh strength steel sheet below (Figure 3). The resulting joint is a high strength, robust connection. Summary Thin sheet, mixed material and simple mixed material joints are some of the most challenging fastener engineering problems facing the industry today. The good news is that innovations in the last ten to twenty years have provided several solutions to these complex problems. For many distributors that specialize in more traditional fastening connections such applications may seem like rocket science and not something that they need to worry about. However, as more products and customers desire to mix materials together for lightweighting or other functional reasons, having some FIGURE 3: EJOT EJOWELD® COMPONENT PIERCED THROUGH ALUMINUM SHEET AND WELDED TO ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH STEEL knowledge of the challenges and available solutions that exist is simply good practice. LAURENCE CLAUS
THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK 189 ROB LaPOINTE FASTENER SCIENCE PRECISION, ACCURACY AND SIGNIFICANCE IN MEASUREMENT from page 184 Significance is all about carrying the proper level of precision through a calculation. Let’s use an example to illustrate the need for following a standard protocol for significance. Figure 7 shows us three properties of a circle, the diameter, the radius, and the circumference. Let’s begin by measuring the diameter of the circle using a meter stick with a resolution of 0.001 meters or 1 millimeter. Let’s imagine that we measure the diameter to be 0.7845 m or 784.5 millimeters. With that measurement, we need to find the area of the circle. The area of a circle is given by the formula A = πr2, where A is the area, π is a constant of proportionality and r is the radius. We see from Figure 6, that the radius is half the diameter. To use the formula, we must divide our measurement in half to find the radius. on the calculator. We can notice that although the calculator gave us a correct answer, the value has more precision than we had when we made the measurement. The answer suggests we used a meter stick with marks every 1/10 millimeter. How can dividing by 2 increase our precision? The correct answer is that it can’t. If we use the value given by the calculator, we’ll mistakenly add precision to our measurement. Should we round the answer to four digits after the decimal (0.3922 m)? Yes. Or we can wait until we get our final answer and evaluate and adjust the significance. I prefer to assess the final answer for significance. On a side note, if you thought that the rounded value should be 0.3923 m, your gradeschool teacher taught rounding incorrectly. Mine did too. See ASTM E29 for a rounding refresher. Moving on in our calculation, we now must square the radius and multiply by . I’ll use the full calculator value through the calculation, so we have, on the calculator. Oh no…more precision. Don’t worry about it now, we’ll take care of it in the end. Be sure to use the key on your calculator to get its full significant value in the calculation. We consider both π and the number 2 in our calculation to be infinitely significant, so they don’t increase or reduce our precision. Now we must evaluate and adjust the precision of our answer based on the precision of the measured value that was used in the calculation. Ignoring 2 and π, we only have the measured value of the diameter at 0.7845 m. We can see that there are four numbers with significance in our measurement, therefore our answer must have the same significance. Rounding our answer to four significant digits, we get 0.4834 m2 for the area of a circle with the diameter of 0.7845 meters. Paying attention to the precision of numbers through calculation and applying proven techniques to preserve their native significance is essential to correctly communicating to our colleagues, vendors, and customers. In our day-to-day function working with fasteners, we read and process a lot of numbers that are derived from measurement. It’s essential to our work to understand the precision of a measurement by simply looking at it and to have an idea about the quality of the instrument that was used to achieve the measurement. This knowledge helps to refine our understanding of standards, drawings, specifications, and test results. For questions or additional information on the content of this article, or for other advice, you are welcome to contact me at robl@expeditetest.com or visit our website at www.expeditetest.com or call (619) 736-7872. ROB LaPOINTE / EXPEDITE TESTING SERVICE
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FALL 2023

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