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282 Chapter 8 State-Space Models<br />

Figure 8-3<br />

International airline<br />

passengers; monthly<br />

totals from January 1949<br />

to December 1960.<br />

Figure 8-4<br />

The one-step predictors<br />

ˆXt1, ˆXt2, ˆXt3<br />

′<br />

for the<br />

airline passenger data<br />

in Example 8.5.2.<br />

(thousands)<br />

100 200 300 400 500 600<br />

1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961<br />

and from (8.5.10) that ˆµ (146.9, 2.171, −34.92, −34.12, −47.00, −16.98, 22.99,<br />

53.99, 58.34, 33.65, 2.204, −4.053, −6.894) ′ . The first component, Xt1, of the state<br />

vector corresponds to the local linear trend with slope Xt2. Since ˆσ 2 2 0, the slope<br />

at time t, which satisfies<br />

(thousands)<br />

0 100 200 300 400 500<br />

Xt2 Xt−1,2 + Vt2,<br />

local level<br />

slope<br />

seasonal<br />

1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961

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