AmstradCPC6128-hypertext-en-Sinewalker

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The BASIC in your Amstrad computer is amongst the fastest and most fully featured to be found in any home computer system, and incorporates many features that help the experienced BASIC programmer overcome some of the inherent sluggishness of a 'high level language' interpreter to perform surprisingly dynamic visual and musical effects. 3. Expansibility Most computers pay attention to the need to 'add-on' additional items of hardware: printers,joysticks, extra disc drives. Paradoxically, some of the most successful home computers require the addition of add-on units known as 'expansion interfaces' before even a simple printer or joystick controller can be installed. The purchaser. does not always think ahead to his needs in the future, because a machine that incorporates a properly supported parallel printer (Centronics compatible) and a games joystick port may actually be cheaper in real terms. The 6128 computer features a built-in Centronics printer port, a port for an additional disc drive, a cassette data ( + motor' control) socket, facilities for up to two joysticks, a stereo sound output - and a comprehensive expansion bus that can be used to attach a serial interface (AMSTRAD model RS232C), a MODEM, a speech synthesiser (AMSTRAD model SSA2), a light pen, etc. 4. Sound The sound features of a computer determine whether or not it sounds like a bluebottle in a empty cocoa tin - or ifit can produce an acceptable representation of an electronic musical instrument. The 6128 computer uses a 3 channel 8 octave sound generator, which can produce a very acceptable musical quality with full control of the amplitude and tone envelopes. Furthermore, the sound is divided into a stereo configuration, where one channel provides the left output, one channel provides the right output, and the third channel sits in the middle. This provides considerable scope for writing programs that track the sound effects across the screen to follow the motion of an arcade-style game. Ultimately, you will make up your own mind about which of these features is most important to you. We hope that you will try them all to make the most of your computer. At your leisure .... Chapter 9 Page 3
Whycan't? With all the power of modern technology, users frequently wonder why even a machine as advanced as the 6128 is apparently unable to perform tasks seen on any TV set. Why for instance, can't a computer animate a picture of someone walking across the screen in a natural fashion? - why do all computers represent movement with 'matchstick' figures? The answer is simple yet complex. The simple answer is that you must not be beguiled into believing that the screen of your computer has anything of the subtlety of the screen of a TV set. A television set operates using 'linear' information that can describe a virtually infinite range of resolution between the extremes of light and dark across all the colours of the spectrum. This process means that in computer terms, the display 'memory' of a full TV picture is some twenty times greater than the converted equivalent of a home computer display. That's only part of the problem, since to animate this picture requires that this enormous amount of memory must be processed at high speed (around 50 times each second). It can be done - but only by machines that cost a few thousand times more than a home computer, at least for the time being! Until the price of high speed memory falls dramatically (it will eventually), small computers have to make do with a relatively small amount of memory available to control the screen display, which results in lower resolution, and jerkier movements. Thoughtful hardware design and good programming can go a long way to making the best of this situation, but we are still a fair way from cheap computers that can reproduce flowing motions and lifelike pictures in the same way that even a moderate animated cartoon can produce. That keyboard looks familiar .... Why can't you simply walk up to the computer and type a page of simple text into the machine? Don't be mislead by the fact that the computer looks like a typewriter with an electronic display. The screen is not a piece of electronic paper - it's a 'command console' - jargon which means that it simply provides you with the means of communicating with the programming language (and the programs) in the machine memory. Until you tell it to the contrary, the computer will try and interpret all the characters that you type at the keyboard as being program instructions. When you press the [RETURN] key, the computer will look through what has been typed, and ifit doesn't make sense to the built in BASIC, it will reject the 'input' with the comment: Syntax error Chapter 9 Page 4 At your leisure ....
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Introduction AMSTRAD CPC6128 Integr
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Contents Chapter I Foundation Cours
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Chapter 8 More about the Bank Manag
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Connecting the computer to a monito
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Switching on - CPC6128 and MP2 Modu
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( Part 2: Connecting your periphera
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Connect the end of the lead which i
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Part 3: About Discs .... The AMSTRA
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Some other compact floppy discs emp
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Type mismatch .... means that you h
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On the screen you will see: he L L
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Reset the computer to clear the mem
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The single quote mark ' (which can
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Division (use unshifted ? key for d
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Mixed Calculations (+,-,*,/) Mixed
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Part 7: Save It .... Now that you'v
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To look briefly at some of the CP/M
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Make sure that you don't close the
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On the screen you will see: Drive A
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Part 8: Understanding Modes, Colour
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So it is with the computer. Using t
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Now let's change to a new paper. Wh
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For further demonstration of the co
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Just to prove that this is on the t
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PLOT Unlike the L 0 CAT E command,
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Circles Circles can either be plott
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440 cy(st+1)=cy(st)+1.5*r(st)*COS(s
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Now reset the computer [CONTROL] [S
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Envelope Number This is the referen
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Number of Steps This parameter spec
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Typing in for example: la Load "fi
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If you have connected an additional
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Write protection Note that you will
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At the A> prompt, type: disckit3 Se
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Part 11: Introducing the Bank Manag
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The contents of Screen 1 are copied
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.... where r % is an integer variab
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I BAN K FIN D will start at the cur
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Chapter 2 Beyond FoundationslIlSlBl
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But hang on! We said that we want t
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32 PRINT " 1 • enter info" 33 PRI
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100 ON ms GOSUB 120,210,270 110 GOT
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Directing data to stream # 8 sends
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This L 0 CAT E s where the menu I N
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440 FOR x=1 TO 100 450 WRITE #9,NAM
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AFTER AFT E R [, ] GO SUB 10 AFTER
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BIN$ BIN $ ( [, ] ) PRINT BIN$(64,
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CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR COMMAND: Clears a
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CURSOR CUR S 0 R [][ , ] 10 CURSOR
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DEFINT DE FIN T
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DELETE DEL E T E DELETE 100-200 CO
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DIM D I M 10 C LS 20 DIM friend$(5
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The optional determines how the in
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Parameter 2: This parameter must b
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If2 parameters are used, these are:
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ERR ERR GOTO 500 Line does not exis
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FIX F I X ( ) PRINT FIX(9.99999) 9
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GOSUB GO SUB ,line number> GOSUB 21
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HIMEM HIMEM PRINT HIMEM 42619 FUN C
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The state of [SHIFT] and [CONTROL]
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INSTR INS T R ( [ , J , ) 10 CLS 2
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The given in the KEY command may b
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LINE INPUT L I NE IN PUT [# ,][;][
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LOG LOG ( ) PRINT LOG(9999) 9.2102
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MEMORY M EM 0 R Y MEMORY &20AA COM
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MOD MOD PRINT 10 MOD 3 1 PRINT 10
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NEW NEW NEW COMMAND: Deletes the cu
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ON GOSUB ON GO SUB
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COMMAND: GOes to a BASIC SUB-routin
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OUT OUT , OUT &FBF4,&FF COMMAND:
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PI PI PRINT PI 3.14159265 FUNCTION:
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Note that when a semicolon; is used
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String Formats 10 CLS:a$="abcdefghi
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RELEASE RE LEA S E 10 SOUND 65,100
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RESTORE RE SI 0 R E [] 10 READ a$:P
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RIGHT$ RIG H-T $ ( , ) 10 MODE 1:
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SAVE S A V E dilename>[, diletype>]
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If the parameter is zero, the soun
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SPEED KEY S P E E D KEY , 10 CLS:
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STEP (See FOR) STOP STOP 10 FOR n=1
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To allocate space in the CPC612S's
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S Y M B 0 L AFT E R will NOT operat
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TEST T EST ( , ) 10 CLS 20 PRINT
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TRorr TRON TROFF TRON 113 TROFF:PRI
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WAIT W A I T
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WINDOW SWAP WIN D 0 W SW A P , 10
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XPOS XPOS 10 MODE 1:DRAW 320,200 20
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Backup Master Discs It is most impo
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When you have only one built-in dri
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Creating a Turnkey CP/M disc As wel
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Three useful sets of keyboard codes
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Part 2: Cassettes If you wish to us
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LOAD "" LOAD "",&1F40 MERGE '"' RUN
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LIST #9 OPENOUTandCLOSEOUT PRINT #9
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If the first character of the filen
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Disc directory Every disc has two s
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Notwithstanding the contents of the
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250 y=0:b=150:GOSUB 400 260 x=575:a
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ICPM ICPM COMMAND: Switch to altern
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ITAPE.IN ITAPE.IN COMMAND: Use tape
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cOPYTO: AMSTRADBASIC on tape * Bina
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Reference guide to AMSDOS error mes
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Part2:CP/M CP/MPlus Subjects covere
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Profile files can be constructed us
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Switching default drives If you hav
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Transient commands To perform more
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Colour Hex Decimal Colour Hex Decim
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The commands: .... or .... SET24X80
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PIP KEYBOARD.CPM=KEYS.CCP .... make
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Each disc can be assigned a label,
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Advanced programming Side 2 of your
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The program is menu-driven and when
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Chapter 6 Introduction to L This Se
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First Steps .... The? prompt tells
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Occasionally, when nearly all the n
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count Outputs the number of element
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* Iput (lastput) Outputs a new obje
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wordp Outputs T RUE if the input ob
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sin Outputs the sine of the input n
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Outputs T RUE if the first word is
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pots (print out titles) Displays th
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pr (print) Displays the input objec
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* dotc Outputs the colour number of
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* setscrunch Sets the graphic scree
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ht (hide turtle) Makes the turtle i
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* setx Moves the turtle's horizonta
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Property Lists: glist (get list) Ou
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* dirpic Outputs a list of picture
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keyp Outputs T RUE if a character h
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ent Set up a tone envelope. The for
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* nob'ace Turns offtrace monitoring
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RE DE FP When T RUE allows re-defin
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BASIC Control characters Value Name
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Value Name Parameter Meaning &14 20
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If you are tempted to PO K E around
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Machine specific BASIC graphics cha
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69 &H45 &X01000101 • 73 &H49 &X01
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109 &H6D &X01101101 113 &H71 &X0111
Page 326 and 327: 149 &H95 &X10010101 153 &H99 &X1001
Page 328 and 329: 189 &HBD &)(10111101 193 &HC1 &)(11
Page 330 and 331: 229 &HE5 &)(11100101 233 &HE9 &)(11
Page 332: Part 4: I{ey references Default ASC
Page 335 and 336: Part 5: Sound Notes and tone period
Page 337 and 338: NOTE FREQUENCY PERIOD RELATIVE ERRO
Page 340 and 341: 17 Cannot CONTinue For one reason o
Page 342 and 343: AMSDOS error DERR value Cause of er
Page 344: GOSUB, GOTO, GRAPHICS HEX$, HIMEM I
Page 352 and 353: Printer Port VIEWED FROM REAR 17 16
Page 354: CHR$ Character Printer U.K. U.S.A.
Page 357 and 358: Part 14: Memory The CPC6128 contain
Page 359 and 360: It is intended that the part of the
Page 362: [ESC]b CPC6128 Colour bits [ESC]c
Page 366 and 367: ChapterS More out the Bank anagerll
Page 368 and 369: The command: I S eRE ENS W A P , [
Page 370 and 371: The specifies which record is writ
Page 372 and 373: Beware the mismatch .... Obvious er
Page 374 and 375: Chapter 9 At your leisure .... This
Page 379 and 380: Whose afraid of the jargon? As with
Page 381: If this process sounds cumbersome,
Page 385: Reconsidering the table that introd
Page 388 and 389: Some of the characters that you wil
Page 390 and 391: (Each character has a corresponding
Page 392: PRINT 10 AND 1000 Results in 8 agai
Page 395 and 396: Print formatting The PR I N T comma
Page 397 and 398: PRINT USING "\ test s \";"test stri
Page 400 and 401: Each of the following commands may
Page 402 and 403: .... and you will see that the 4th
Page 404 and 405: Usmgdata .... In a program that alw
Page 406 and 407: 10 DIM a(5),b(5),s$(5) 20 FOR ;=1 T
Page 408 and 409: The sound of music .... Of all the
Page 410 and 411: Unless you are a very slow typist,
Page 414 and 415: Relative Volume Change 15 14 13 10
Page 416 and 417: The final part that can be added on
Page 418 and 419: In a complete program that may be m
Page 420 and 421: 24111 IF p1$="." THEN ch1%=I1I:RETU
Page 423 and 424: Now RUN, and once again the dotted
Page 425 and 426: Ink modes It is possible to draw us
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10 REM latch animation 20 ON BREAK
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1410 I B 1420 IF fLag=2 THEN 1470 1
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2240 CLS:undraw=0:PRINT cmnd$(ro);:
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From then on, simply press the appr
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ppendixl Digital Research & AMSTRAD
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6. Registration Card DRI may from t
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ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit. The part
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Base The prime numeric consideratio
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Built-in commands Commands that are
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Compiler A complex program that con
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Download The transfer of informatio
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Gate Logical gates permit the passa
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Interpreter A further extension of
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Machine Code The programming langua
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Numeric keypad The area on the keyb
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Pixel The smallest accessible area
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Raster A system of 'writing' on the
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Software Programs themselves. May b
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Transient program A CP/M utility pr
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Appendix 3 Some Programs For You ..
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Bomber A variation on a classic the
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Telly tennis The one that started i
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75" PRINT" A 6 UP" 76" PRINT" Z 3 D
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760 ' 770 pwpe=(p1wp=p2wp):IF p1sa
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1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600
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1130 IF VRX%=0 GOTO 890 1140 IF P%(
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2290 IF C%(J%,IC%)=6 GOTO 2310 2300
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3010 DATA 310,355,310,375,350,355,3
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1160 RETURN 1170 ON rm GOTO 1180,11
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2410 ' 2420 'Draw switches 2430 ' 2
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c I BANKREAD ......................
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D DATA ............................
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I IBM format ......................
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N o MID$ ..........................
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RETURN key ........................
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T Switching on ....................
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x y WORD ..........................
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