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US government cut military aid to a record low in contrast to the all-time high before the coup in 1976 1977 - 1978 1977 coup led by Kriangsak ends the Fascist regime Attempts to restore human rights and the easing of political tensions CPT armed struggle goes from strength to strength 36 provinces declared 'sensitive zones' 1978 -1981 A weak parliamentary system installed Political rivalry in the army Young Turks' COUI) suppressed Build up of new economic development Implementation of accommodation strategy towards workers and political dissidents Contraction of the CPT due to ideological crisis in the movement Militarisation policy applied to the Kampuchea problem and increase of US military aid 1982 - 1985 Return to traditional institutions; Buddhism and the monarchy Ratanakosin Bicentennial Constitutional crisis leading to the dissolution of parliament A four-party coalition government formed after tile general election Prem squashes the coup of 1985 and becomes the longest serving PM under a constitutional parliament (1980 - 1988) Both the military and civilian politicians appeal to traditional institutions - Buddhism and monarchy - in their power struggle Economic growth decline Export of labour to the Middle East countries Expansion of sex industry and wide spread child labour US imposes trade protection measures against textile imports (Jenkin Bill) and farm produce, particularly rice (Farm Bill) 18
CHAPTER 3 DOMINANT IDEOLOGIES IN THE THAI SOCIETY 3.1 Ideological Continuity in a Buddhist Polity Historically, the Thai notions concerning kingship and rule which took shape in the Sukothai and Ayudhya el-a produced a Buddhist polity that almost uniquely among the countries of Southeast Asia managed to avoid colonial domination during the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although the institution of parliamentary democracy in 1932 took political power away from the absolute monarchy, it did not "attempt any serious or permanent undermining of its cultural centrality and 'nationalist' prestige" (Anderson, 1977:21). As a result, despite ruptures from social and political transformations in recent decades, the socio-political order of the Thai Buddhist polity, in which kingship is the articulating principle, persists as a strong link between the past and the present. In this macro-conception of Buddhist cosmology the past is used both as a sanction and a destiny for the present. "Thailand today (as in the past) displays its brand of aggressive nationalism, shows evide,zce of religious reformism, scriptualism, a/id revitalization; its conservative shell is subject to tile irritant of democratic politics,- and it wants to hitch its destiny to the engine of progress. In these aspirations and orientations both uses of tue past converge, and continuities a/Id transformations are to each other as Siamese twins. (Tanibiah, 1976:530) Nevertheless, in the present social and political context the coupling of Buddhism and the traditional polity is ridden with tensions, paradoxes and ambiguities. Traditional Theravada Buddhism (Ways of the Elders) from the Sinhalese tradition (which the Thai ruling class patronised, as well as the Mon, Burmese and Laotian in Southeast Asia) is founded on the Asokan formula that the king is the patron and protectoi of the religion and that he must be a Buddhist himself. The king, as such, is an embodiment of Dhamma. The doctrinal resolution between the business of ruling and the practice of morality, and between indulgence in politics and the religious pursuit, is achieved by presenting the king as both a wheel-rolling Cakkravartin (universal emperor) and a Bodhisattva (Buddha-to-be) (Tambiah, 1973:58-61). Whereas this scheme justified the contradictory roles of an absolute monarch, who is a righteous and benevolent 'Dhammaraja' 1 on the one hand, but uses violence in political action
Page 1 and 2: RADIO IN A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY: TH
Page 4 and 5: Chapter 1 1.1 I .2 Chapter 2 2.1 2.
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 Chapter 9 9.1
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures Figure 1 The Admini
Page 10 and 11: Our inquiry therefore, is a small a
Page 12 and 13: 4 --- First we begin with an apasis
Page 14 and 15: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 MODERN T
Page 16 and 17: labour' either worked their own lan
Page 18 and 19: In the urban areas, the US military
Page 20 and 21: US, Japan and Europe. Between 1974
Page 22 and 23: In the present era of resurgent cap
Page 24 and 25: 2.6 A Chronology of Events, 1932 -
Page 28 and 29: on the other, it undermined the sub
Page 30 and 31: This was not the first time that th
Page 32 and 33: The cardinal position of the monarc
Page 34 and 35: 3.2 Nationalism and Militarism; Con
Page 36 and 37: In the Thai language the word for '
Page 38 and 39: Reforms designed to 'modernise' the
Page 40 and 41: Development Plan (1961-1966), serve
Page 42 and 43: 3.3 Paternalism and the Emergence o
Page 44 and 45: With Prem as the father figure (dub
Page 46 and 47: development of capitalism has trans
Page 48 and 49: democracy they were hostile to gove
Page 50 and 51: However, since the civilian governm
Page 52 and 53: egion total(%) Bangkok Central Nort
Page 54 and 55: the power of allocative control wou
Page 56 and 57: emained unfulfIlled. There were lar
Page 58 and 59: decisions used to secure the audien
Page 60 and 61: Restrictions on programme content w
Page 62 and 63: "Radio advertising is very cheap. A
Page 64 and 65: Although the emergent music industr
Page 66 and 67: million). This enabled it to expand
Page 68 and 69: In addition, the quantity of media
Page 70 and 71: editorial and advertisement. Commer
Page 72 and 73: O — V. '-'I C-.)- V- It) -V b1 I-
Page 74 and 75: ai C L I-. 0 L 0 H U 0 0 L 0 H 0 U
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5.1 The State and Media Production:
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Pua Pandin Thai shares similar ideo
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The closed form of the Sunday sermo
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5.2 The Production of News and Curr
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After the downfall of the military
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presentation. On AIvl radios, these
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Table 7 The Structure of Programme
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The routine of Kao Si Mum Baan begi
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commercial success, and the fact, a
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Table 8 A Summary of the Structures
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the theatre as well as from the civ
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How then can a declining industry n
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Phibun's military patronage, music
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a more cautious strategy. Since it
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The drama companies submit one-page
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Monthly salary - Main actors - Dire
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The production of popular music in
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exaniple, goes out into the country
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A small number of singers, such as
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the case of Grammy we do see a more
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or diversity in programming. Noneth
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Music programmes for example, are a
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political power is now on the decli
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of the sermons dealing with social
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In this sermon, civil servants are
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Through these programmes the milita
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Kampuchea and constantly ambushes v
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The military argues that it is the
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The rigid divisions that operated i
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are sometimes present in the same p
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"The Japanese PM won the election a
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"Parliament is no! an arena for rev
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forms. Nonetheless, it contradicts
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A second politku problem is posed b
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PART ONE: THE FINAL PLANNING OF THE
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In this rationalisation the author
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and her courtly speech are always s
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CHAPTER 8 DRAMATISING MASCULINITY A
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Sua is trained in a male dominated
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generally within the adventure form
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which carry the two themes simultan
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TOH: "Sua, you have succeeded... ev
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Sua Term is depicted as the hero's
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logging franchises in Laos and Burm
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"... My father wan Is me to have an
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The final way in which the film and
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the story, and not least by his bes
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KANITA: "(whisper) No sweat, physic
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CHAPTER 9 PRIVATISING SENSUAL PLEAS
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ealistic lyrics. Pleng Luktoong bor
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consumption. The following advertis
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Luktoong lyrics: resistance and acc
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worldview with the traditional inst
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When the balance is struck the song
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prevails. These songs juxtapose the
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These pre-emptions are however, ove
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Ah, ha, cutie, so handsome Whose lo
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This track reproduces the style of
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the album. They are juxtaposed with
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9.3 Luktoong Music Radio: DJs and C
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Programme of Luktoong Artists -Adve
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month or approximately £25)6 with
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'Pleng Hit Pua Kizun': DJs and the
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traditional popular sport that is b
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It is in this final slot, where the
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The field research The field study
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The second problem arises from the
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small dinning hail (which seats abo
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Category I Accommodation 2 Food 3 C
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positions, though some of their act
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The Unionisation of the Aporn Texti
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". .we can 'I bear the house-keeper
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after her predecessor resigned, the
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einforce alternative spaces by inte
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A collective biography All of the n
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drama and the prime-time soap opera
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In the factory, the workers are abl
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pointed out, "a tragic ending is to
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of the story however. One responden
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(1) "1 wonder if they are from Kora
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sung among the women workers and on
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On the first anniversary of the Uni
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ealist narrative were rejected. As
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(B) "Now, there are well wishers wh
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In this manifestation of symbolic p
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CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION The aim of th
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11.2 Cultural Mediation and The Lim
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occured within the workers themselv
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Bibliographies Adorno, T. and Horkh
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Chaloemtiarana, T. (1976) "The Evol
Page 257 and 258:
Huncharoen, C. (1983) "Panha karn K
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Murdock, G. and Janus, N. (1985) Ma
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Rajakool, C. (1984) The Social and
Page 263:
Volosinov, V. (1973) Marxism and th
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