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The cardinal position of the monarch in this religio-political scheme is that of the righteous king who will promote both a prosperous society and the Buddhist religion. The Ideology of Pandin Dhamnia, Pandin Thong (1985) combines a new notion of the civic sphere with the deep-seated religious beliefs to produce what might be called 'the modern Buddhist ethic'. This prescribes for dutiful, patriotic and ethical citizens in three spheres: Spirit -Mindful of modernisation -Loyal to nation religion, king -Well-cultured -Morality & discipline Social -Good health -Knowledgable -Good environ ment -Democratic means Economics -Honest occupation -Moderation in life -Thai-isni(Niyom Thai) -Hard-working, endurance & prudence This moral utopia, with some modifications, is mapped on to the secular modernisation scheme which serves to legitimise the present as well as - to connect it with the past. At the top of the contemporary power structure is, therefore, a grand triple alliance of the major social institutions, kingship, Buddhism and civil government, with the monarch as the head of the 'ncuional' family. Pandin means land as well as kingship (Phracao Pandin-Lord of the Land is one of the many titles for a ruling monarch). Thong refers to prosperity in the area of Suwanapum (suwan also means gold), the peninsula where mainland Southeast Asia is located. Pandin Dhatnma, Pa,idjn Thong carries both its religio-political ideology and nationalism without departing from tradition. 24
Figure 1 The Administrative Structure of the Thai Sangha (1962 Sangha Act)* The Monarchy Head of State Patron of Religion Head of the Sangha Head of the Government The Supreme Patriarch The Prime Minister Mahathera Samakoni (Council of the Elders) Hierachy Administration (Regional > Village) I The Cabinet The Ministry of Education Dept of Religious Affairs *The 1941 Sangha Act, influenced by the concept of democracy, reformed the administrative structure of the Sangha by setting up: I) The Sangha Sapha (Ecclesiastical Assembly) corresponding to the legislature, 2) The Kana Sangha Montri (Ecclesiastical Cabinet) corresponding to the administration, and 3) The Kana Winaitorn (Ecclesiastical Court) corresponding to the judiciary. However, the 1962 Sangha Act (during the Sarit's regime) has reverted back to the centralisation of power under a single administrative body, Mahathera Samakorn, similar to that of the 1902 Sangha Act (King Rama V) (Suksamran, 1982: 12-51). 25
Page 1 and 2: RADIO IN A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY: TH
Page 4 and 5: Chapter 1 1.1 I .2 Chapter 2 2.1 2.
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 Chapter 9 9.1
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures Figure 1 The Admini
Page 10 and 11: Our inquiry therefore, is a small a
Page 12 and 13: 4 --- First we begin with an apasis
Page 14 and 15: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 MODERN T
Page 16 and 17: labour' either worked their own lan
Page 18 and 19: In the urban areas, the US military
Page 20 and 21: US, Japan and Europe. Between 1974
Page 22 and 23: In the present era of resurgent cap
Page 24 and 25: 2.6 A Chronology of Events, 1932 -
Page 26 and 27: US government cut military aid to a
Page 28 and 29: on the other, it undermined the sub
Page 30 and 31: This was not the first time that th
Page 34 and 35: 3.2 Nationalism and Militarism; Con
Page 36 and 37: In the Thai language the word for '
Page 38 and 39: Reforms designed to 'modernise' the
Page 40 and 41: Development Plan (1961-1966), serve
Page 42 and 43: 3.3 Paternalism and the Emergence o
Page 44 and 45: With Prem as the father figure (dub
Page 46 and 47: development of capitalism has trans
Page 48 and 49: democracy they were hostile to gove
Page 50 and 51: However, since the civilian governm
Page 52 and 53: egion total(%) Bangkok Central Nort
Page 54 and 55: the power of allocative control wou
Page 56 and 57: emained unfulfIlled. There were lar
Page 58 and 59: decisions used to secure the audien
Page 60 and 61: Restrictions on programme content w
Page 62 and 63: "Radio advertising is very cheap. A
Page 64 and 65: Although the emergent music industr
Page 66 and 67: million). This enabled it to expand
Page 68 and 69: In addition, the quantity of media
Page 70 and 71: editorial and advertisement. Commer
Page 72 and 73: O — V. '-'I C-.)- V- It) -V b1 I-
Page 74 and 75: ai C L I-. 0 L 0 H U 0 0 L 0 H 0 U
Page 76 and 77: 5.1 The State and Media Production:
Page 78 and 79: Pua Pandin Thai shares similar ideo
Page 80 and 81: The closed form of the Sunday sermo
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5.2 The Production of News and Curr
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After the downfall of the military
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presentation. On AIvl radios, these
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Table 7 The Structure of Programme
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The routine of Kao Si Mum Baan begi
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commercial success, and the fact, a
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Table 8 A Summary of the Structures
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the theatre as well as from the civ
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How then can a declining industry n
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Phibun's military patronage, music
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a more cautious strategy. Since it
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The drama companies submit one-page
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Monthly salary - Main actors - Dire
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The production of popular music in
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exaniple, goes out into the country
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A small number of singers, such as
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the case of Grammy we do see a more
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or diversity in programming. Noneth
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Music programmes for example, are a
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political power is now on the decli
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of the sermons dealing with social
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In this sermon, civil servants are
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Through these programmes the milita
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Kampuchea and constantly ambushes v
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The military argues that it is the
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The rigid divisions that operated i
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are sometimes present in the same p
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"The Japanese PM won the election a
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"Parliament is no! an arena for rev
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forms. Nonetheless, it contradicts
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A second politku problem is posed b
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PART ONE: THE FINAL PLANNING OF THE
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In this rationalisation the author
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and her courtly speech are always s
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CHAPTER 8 DRAMATISING MASCULINITY A
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Sua is trained in a male dominated
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generally within the adventure form
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which carry the two themes simultan
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TOH: "Sua, you have succeeded... ev
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Sua Term is depicted as the hero's
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logging franchises in Laos and Burm
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"... My father wan Is me to have an
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The final way in which the film and
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the story, and not least by his bes
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KANITA: "(whisper) No sweat, physic
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CHAPTER 9 PRIVATISING SENSUAL PLEAS
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ealistic lyrics. Pleng Luktoong bor
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consumption. The following advertis
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Luktoong lyrics: resistance and acc
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worldview with the traditional inst
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When the balance is struck the song
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prevails. These songs juxtapose the
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These pre-emptions are however, ove
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Ah, ha, cutie, so handsome Whose lo
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This track reproduces the style of
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the album. They are juxtaposed with
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9.3 Luktoong Music Radio: DJs and C
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Programme of Luktoong Artists -Adve
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month or approximately £25)6 with
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'Pleng Hit Pua Kizun': DJs and the
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traditional popular sport that is b
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It is in this final slot, where the
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The field research The field study
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The second problem arises from the
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small dinning hail (which seats abo
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Category I Accommodation 2 Food 3 C
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positions, though some of their act
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The Unionisation of the Aporn Texti
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". .we can 'I bear the house-keeper
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after her predecessor resigned, the
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einforce alternative spaces by inte
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A collective biography All of the n
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drama and the prime-time soap opera
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In the factory, the workers are abl
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pointed out, "a tragic ending is to
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of the story however. One responden
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(1) "1 wonder if they are from Kora
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sung among the women workers and on
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On the first anniversary of the Uni
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ealist narrative were rejected. As
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(B) "Now, there are well wishers wh
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In this manifestation of symbolic p
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CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION The aim of th
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11.2 Cultural Mediation and The Lim
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occured within the workers themselv
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Bibliographies Adorno, T. and Horkh
Page 255 and 256:
Chaloemtiarana, T. (1976) "The Evol
Page 257 and 258:
Huncharoen, C. (1983) "Panha karn K
Page 259 and 260:
Murdock, G. and Janus, N. (1985) Ma
Page 261 and 262:
Rajakool, C. (1984) The Social and
Page 263:
Volosinov, V. (1973) Marxism and th
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