PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION Hofstadter's Law states that,“ It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law.” - Douglas R. Hofstadter A considerable effort of this research programme has been dedicated towards the development of a test vehicle to serve as an experimental setup for power and energy management research. This chapter describes the experimental vehicle and the corresponding energy storage systems. Starting form a pure battery driven vehicle, the energy system was then augmented with the addition of an ultracapacitor bank. Apart from manufacturer’s information, there is very limited experimental data on ultracapacitor field- testing. As such, the vehicle provided a means to obtain unbiased empirical data to substantiate research claims and also to serve as a test platform for further work. 163
Chapter 6 6.1 The experimental vehicle The experimental vehicle developed for this work consists of a modified go-kart chassis propelled by a 12kW Lynch motor, driven by a 4-quadrant DC Motor controller. Figure 6.1 along with data in Table 6.1 describes the test vehicle specification. The propulsion power source units comprises of deep discharge SLA batteries and self-balancing ultracapacitor modules. Instrumentation and control is designed around the National Instruments Compact Field Point (CFP) architecture. Figure 6.1 Baseline vehicle (Left) and the vehicle augmented with dual energy systems (Right) Vehicle mass (Including Driver ) 254.3 kg Frontal area 1.04 m 2 Motor peak power 12 kW Maximum velocity 42 km/h Energy Storage System Battery Ultracapacitor Module capacity / Max. Voltage 27 Ah / 13.8V 58 F / 15V Module ESR @ 1kHz 5m ohm 10m ohm Module max. stored energy 320 Wh 1.8 Wh Module mass 11.2 kg 0.68 kg Quantity /Configuration 4 / series 9 / 3x3 matrix System nominal voltage 48V 45V Power Electronics Interface Peak power 15 kW DC link voltage 55V to 65V Semiconductor technology MOSFET Switching frequency 20 kHz Thermal dissipation mode Air cooled heat sink Inductors 392µH (Air core) Table 6.1 Vehicle Data 164
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Power and Energy Management of Mult
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Acknowledgements This journey would
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Nomenclature Notation Description U
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Abbreviations Batt (batt) Battery D
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Contents 3.19 Ultracapacitor Power
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Figures Figure 6.3 Power de
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1 more than a century since
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Chapter 1 EV Charge Depleting Energ
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Chapter 1 1745 Invention of the cap
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Chapter 1 generated, and split betw
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Chapter 1 In the past, many researc
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Chapter 1 1.7 Contributions This th
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Chapter 1 7. As the hybridisation o
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Chapter 1 1.9 Publications The foll
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Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVI
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Chapter 2 in the area or power and
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Chapter 2 Power Load Demand Time Po
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Chapter 2 previewed information abo
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Chapter 2 generally used. They are,
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Chapter 2 the large capacitive phen
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Chapter 2 manufacturer. Throughout
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Chapter 2 energy density attributes
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Chapter 2 experimentally verified a
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Chapter 2 Propulsion Load Batteries
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Chapter 2 system. They compared the
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Chapter 2 2.6 Ultracapacitor augmen
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Chapter 2 2.8 Observations and Hypo
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Chapter 2 Literature concerning veh
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Chapter 2 philosophical concepts fo
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Chapter 3 3.1 EV Battery Systems In
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Chapter 3 The equivalent circuit lo
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Chapter 3 merits, some of these tec
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Chapter 3 where 1Ah = 3600C. The Ah
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Chapter 3 same state of charge. As
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Chapter 3 The state of discharge (S
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Chapter 3 provided by the battery m
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.5 illustrates an
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Chapter 3 where Voc[SoC] and Ri[SoC
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Chapter 3 Power(Watt) 4000 3500 300
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Chapter 3 Batt Voltage (V) Charging
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Chapter 3 Voc Voc Ri Ri R chg R chg
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Chapter 3 Description [Unit] Parame
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Chapter 3 3.17 Ultracapacitors Ultr
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Chapter 3 voltage on charge and a d
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Chapter 3 As with the battery model
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Chapter 3 The energy capacity, E of
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Chapter 3 3.20 Ultracapacitors in s
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Chapter 3 Voltage (V) Time (s) 92 p
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Chapter 3 3.21 Hybridisation of Bat
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Chapter 3 83.50 50.00 Current (A) 0
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Chapter 3 In section 3.11, it was s
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Chapter 4 4.1 Vehicle Longitudinal
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Chapter 4 where sgn[vxT] is a the s
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Chapter 4 P Load dP Load /dt > 0 P
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Chapter 4 braking energy. Regenerat
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Chapter 4 Angular Velocity (rad/s)
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Chapter 4 electrical terminal power
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 4 112 Type 1 -Energy Sytem
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 2 Battery
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 3 Battery
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 4 Energy (J) Energy (J) DIS
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 4 occur more frequently bef
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 THE MANAGEMENT
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 5 Under the directives and
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Hierarchy Mid-Level Low-L
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 While the breadth of the
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 5 The complete modular stru
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 5 conceive and implement. T
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 5 where, P req is the reque
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5 Max Velocity Mode [Run,Id
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 decision epoch window (
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 5 P uc max Power 0 ∆PMS t
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 5 (W) (W) (W) Figure 5.11 L
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 5 An important difference w
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 5 IF x1 is Ai1 AND x2 is Ai
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 5 In this strategy, only P
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 5 to a fixed PMS policy. As
Page 163 and 164: Chapter 5 P DCBUS 000 dP/dt >0 P>0
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 For a PES with two refere
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 5 Thus the connection matri
Page 169: Chapter 5 5.12 Summary The foundati
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 6 Power (W) / Energy (Wh) P
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 6 System Voltage Measuremen
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 6 Velocity (km/h) 60 50 40
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 7 Battery C batt L batt T1
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 7 Parameter Notation Values
Page 185 and 186: Chapter 7 During the conduction per
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 7 Design and sizing of the
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 7 7.6 Battery Buck Mode - C
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 7 L batt = ( Vout )( 1 DT1
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7 7.7 Ultracapacitor Boost
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 7 1 ⇒ ⋅ 0. 67 20kHz whi
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 7 L uc Vout DT 4 ( 1− DT
Page 199 and 200: Chapter 7 20 D T 3 min = = 0. 31 (7
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 7 A similar value for the i
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 7 the inductor current (20k
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 7 The maximum current that
Page 207 and 208: Chapter 7 According to Arnet and Ha
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 7 The second dimensioning f
Page 211 and 212: Chapter 7 + - 2200uF Figure 7.11 Sc
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 7 During the MOSFET diode c
Page 215 and 216: Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTS AND
Page 217 and 218: Chapter 8 Segment 1 Battery Current
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 8 Discussion: From the 600-
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Chapter 8 Results: Figure 8.5 shows
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Chapter 8 Discussion: The top graph
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Chapter 8 8.3. Experiment 3: Power
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Chapter 8 Test Segment 1 Power (W)
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Chapter 8 Test Segment 3 Power (W)
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Chapter 8 Discussion: Results of th
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Chapter 8 Battery Voltage (V) Batte
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Chapter 8 8.4. PES Type Test Purpos
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Chapter 8 Current (A) Boolean PWM s
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Chapter 9 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND
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Chapter 9 The M-PEMS framework does
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Chapter 9 between sources. Doing so
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Chapter 9 to be included in measuri
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References [15] R. H. Staunton, C.
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References [43] B. E. Conway, Elect
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References [73] A. Drolia, P. Jose,
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References [101] E. Surewaard, E. K
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Appendices Appendix A: Schematics A
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID TB1 Fuse Fuse Fu
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Bus Bars φ = φ =
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID A B D B C D E F
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID L batt L UC K1 B
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID B C D E F G H I
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
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Minimum Duty Cycle Maximum Duty Cyc
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Type Test- 03 Type testing of the g
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Power, interfacing and sub control
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PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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