PhD Thesis - Cranfield University
PhD Thesis - Cranfield University
PhD Thesis - Cranfield University
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Contents<br />
3.19 Ultracapacitor Power and Energy ............................................................................. 87<br />
3.20 Ultracapacitors in series............................................................................................ 90<br />
3.21 Hybridisation of Batteries and Ultracapacitors......................................................... 94<br />
3.22 Summary ................................................................................................................... 97<br />
Chapter 4...................................................................................................................... 99<br />
Electric Vehicle Power and Energy Requirements ................................................................... 99<br />
4.1 Vehicle Longitudinal Dynamics ............................................................................. 100<br />
4.2 Vehicle Propulsion Power Demand ........................................................................ 103<br />
4.3 Vehicle Propulsion Energy Demand....................................................................... 104<br />
4.4 Regenerative Braking.............................................................................................. 106<br />
4.5 Vehicle Model - SIMPLORER ............................................................................... 109<br />
4.6 Case study of the effectiveness of combining batteries and ultracapacitors to service<br />
a vehicle power and energy demands ................................................................................. 111<br />
4.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 125<br />
Chapter 5.....................................................................................................................126<br />
The Management of Power and Energy.................................................................................. 126<br />
5.1 Adopting the general concept of management........................................................ 127<br />
5.2 Adaptation of hierarchical management concepts to Power and Energy Management<br />
................................................................................................................................. 131<br />
5.3 A Modular power and energy management structure (M-PEMS) .......................... 132<br />
5.4 Energy Management Shell (EMS) .......................................................................... 135<br />
5.5 Power Management Shell (PMS)............................................................................ 136<br />
5.6 Power Electronics Shell (PES)................................................................................ 138<br />
5.7 M-PEMS implementation for a battery - ultracapacitor powered Electric Vehicle 139<br />
5.8 Implementation of a PMS Policy ............................................................................ 141<br />
5.9 Implementation of an EMS Strategy....................................................................... 148<br />
5.10 Extending the EMS strategy.................................................................................... 154<br />
5.11 Implementation of a Power Electronics Shell......................................................... 155<br />
5.12 Summary ................................................................................................................. 162<br />
Chapter 6.....................................................................................................................163<br />
Hardware Description ............................................................................................................. 163<br />
6.1 The experimental vehicle........................................................................................ 164<br />
6.2 Battery System ........................................................................................................ 165<br />
6.3 Ultracapacitor System............................................................................................ 166<br />
6.4 Instrumentation and Control System....................................................................... 167<br />
Chapter 7.....................................................................................................................172<br />
Implementation framework..................................................................................................... 172<br />
7.1 Design Rationale..................................................................................................... 173<br />
7.2 Converter Topology ................................................................................................ 173<br />
7.3 Theory of operation................................................................................................. 174<br />
7.4 Converter operating specification ........................................................................... 175<br />
7.5 Battery Boost Mode - Discharge mode (STATE 100).......................................... 177<br />
7.6 Battery Buck Mode - Charging mode (STATE 111) .............................................. 182<br />
7.7 Ultracapacitor Boost Mode – Discharging mode (STATE 001)............................. 186<br />
7.8 Ultracapacitor Buck Mode – Charging mode (STATE 010) .................................. 191<br />
7.9 Reactive component design..................................................................................... 194<br />
2
Change language