PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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Notation Description Unit FTR Tractive force newton [N] Fla Linear acceleration force newton [N] FgxT Gravitational force newton [N] Froll Rolling resistance force newton [N] FAD Aerodynamic Drag Force newton [N] AF Vehicle equivalent frontal area square metre [m 2 ] β Vehicle inclination angle radians [rad] g Gravitational acceleration constant square metre [m 2 ] m Mass kilogram [kg] ρ Air density kilogram per cubic metre [kg/m 3 ] CD Aerodynamic drag - C0 ,C1 Rolling resistance coefficients - E Energy watt hour ( Joule ) [Wh] or [ J] P Power watt [W] I Current ampere [A] V Voltage volt [V] Vs Vehicle speed metre per second [ms- 1] t Time second [s] Euc Ultracapacitor energy joule [ J ] Ebatt Battery energy joule [ J ] Ekin Vehicle kinetic energy joule [ J ] k Time step - i Index - n Index - iv
Abbreviations Batt (batt) Battery DoD Depth of Discharge EMS Energy Management Shell EPR Equivalent Parallel Resistance ESR Equivalent Series Resistance EV Electric Vehicle HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle KVL Kirchoff's Voltage Law LSB Least Significant Bit MOSFET Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor M-PEMS Modular Power and Energy Management Structure MSB Most Significant Bit PES Power Electronics Shell PMS Power Management Shell PWM Pulse Width Modulation SLA Sealed Lead Acid SoC State of Charge SoD State of Discharge UC (uc) Ultracapacitor VHDL Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language VRLA Valve Regulated Lead Acid v
Page 1 and 2: Power and Energy Management of Mult
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements This journey would
Page 5: Nomenclature Notation Description U
Page 9 and 10: Contents 3.19 Ultracapacitor Power
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 6.3 Power de
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 more than a century since
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 EV Charge Depleting Energ
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 1745 Invention of the cap
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 generated, and split betw
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 In the past, many researc
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 1.7 Contributions This th
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 7. As the hybridisation o
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 1.9 Publications The foll
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVI
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 in the area or power and
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 Power Load Demand Time Po
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 previewed information abo
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 generally used. They are,
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the large capacitive phen
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 manufacturer. Throughout
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 energy density attributes
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 experimentally verified a
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Propulsion Load Batteries
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 system. They compared the
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 2.6 Ultracapacitor augmen
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Chapter 2 2.8 Observations and Hypo
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Chapter 2 Literature concerning veh
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Chapter 2 philosophical concepts fo
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Chapter 3 3.1 EV Battery Systems In
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Chapter 3 The equivalent circuit lo
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Chapter 3 merits, some of these tec
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Chapter 3 where 1Ah = 3600C. The Ah
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Chapter 3 same state of charge. As
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Chapter 3 The state of discharge (S
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Chapter 3 provided by the battery m
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.5 illustrates an
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Chapter 3 where Voc[SoC] and Ri[SoC
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Chapter 3 Power(Watt) 4000 3500 300
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Chapter 3 Batt Voltage (V) Charging
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Chapter 3 Voc Voc Ri Ri R chg R chg
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Chapter 3 Description [Unit] Parame
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Chapter 3 3.17 Ultracapacitors Ultr
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Chapter 3 voltage on charge and a d
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Chapter 3 As with the battery model
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Chapter 3 The energy capacity, E of
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Chapter 3 3.20 Ultracapacitors in s
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Chapter 3 Voltage (V) Time (s) 92 p
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Chapter 3 3.21 Hybridisation of Bat
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Chapter 3 83.50 50.00 Current (A) 0
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Chapter 3 In section 3.11, it was s
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Chapter 4 4.1 Vehicle Longitudinal
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Chapter 4 where sgn[vxT] is a the s
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Chapter 4 P Load dP Load /dt > 0 P
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Chapter 4 braking energy. Regenerat
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Chapter 4 Angular Velocity (rad/s)
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Chapter 4 electrical terminal power
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Chapter 4 112 Type 1 -Energy Sytem
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Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 2 Battery
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Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 3 Battery
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) Energy (J) DIS
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Chapter 4 occur more frequently bef
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 THE MANAGEMENT
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Chapter 5 Under the directives and
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Chapter 5 Hierarchy Mid-Level Low-L
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Chapter 5 While the breadth of the
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Chapter 5 The complete modular stru
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Chapter 5 conceive and implement. T
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Chapter 5 where, P req is the reque
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Chapter 5 Max Velocity Mode [Run,Id
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Chapter 5 decision epoch window (
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Chapter 5 P uc max Power 0 ∆PMS t
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Chapter 5 (W) (W) (W) Figure 5.11 L
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Chapter 5 An important difference w
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Chapter 5 IF x1 is Ai1 AND x2 is Ai
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Chapter 5 In this strategy, only P
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Chapter 5 to a fixed PMS policy. As
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Chapter 5 P DCBUS 000 dP/dt >0 P>0
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Chapter 5 For a PES with two refere
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Chapter 5 Thus the connection matri
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Chapter 5 5.12 Summary The foundati
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Chapter 6 6.1 The experimental vehi
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Chapter 6 Power (W) / Energy (Wh) P
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Chapter 6 System Voltage Measuremen
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Chapter 6 Velocity (km/h) 60 50 40
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION
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Chapter 7 Battery C batt L batt T1
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Chapter 7 Parameter Notation Values
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Chapter 7 During the conduction per
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Chapter 7 Design and sizing of the
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Chapter 7 7.6 Battery Buck Mode - C
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Chapter 7 L batt = ( Vout )( 1 DT1
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Chapter 7 7.7 Ultracapacitor Boost
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Chapter 7 1 ⇒ ⋅ 0. 67 20kHz whi
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Chapter 7 L uc Vout DT 4 ( 1− DT
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Chapter 7 20 D T 3 min = = 0. 31 (7
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Chapter 7 A similar value for the i
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Chapter 7 the inductor current (20k
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Chapter 7 The maximum current that
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Chapter 7 According to Arnet and Ha
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Chapter 7 The second dimensioning f
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Chapter 7 + - 2200uF Figure 7.11 Sc
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Chapter 7 During the MOSFET diode c
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Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTS AND
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Chapter 8 Segment 1 Battery Current
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Chapter 8 Discussion: From the 600-
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Chapter 8 Results: Figure 8.5 shows
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Chapter 8 Discussion: The top graph
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Chapter 8 8.3. Experiment 3: Power
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Chapter 8 Test Segment 1 Power (W)
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Chapter 8 Test Segment 3 Power (W)
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Chapter 8 Discussion: Results of th
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Chapter 8 Battery Voltage (V) Batte
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Chapter 8 8.4. PES Type Test Purpos
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Chapter 8 Current (A) Boolean PWM s
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Chapter 9 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND
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Chapter 9 The M-PEMS framework does
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Chapter 9 between sources. Doing so
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Chapter 9 to be included in measuri
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References [15] R. H. Staunton, C.
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References [43] B. E. Conway, Elect
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References [73] A. Drolia, P. Jose,
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References [101] E. Surewaard, E. K
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Appendices Appendix A: Schematics A
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID TB1 Fuse Fuse Fu
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Bus Bars φ = φ =
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID A B D B C D E F
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID L batt L UC K1 B
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID B C D E F G H I
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
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Minimum Duty Cycle Maximum Duty Cyc
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Type Test- 03 Type testing of the g
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Power, interfacing and sub control
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PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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