PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Power and Energy Management of Multiple Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles A dissertation by LEON CHRISTOPHER ROSARIO Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Aerospace Power & Sensors Cranfield University, DCMT Shrivenham Swindon, Wiltshire, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom © Cranfield University 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. in Electrical Engineering Supervisor: Dr. Patrick Chi Kwong Luk THESIS COMMITTEE Dr. Patrick C. K. Luk Dr. John T. Economou Prof. Brian A. White
Acknowledgements This journey would not have been as interesting without the fascinating people I met along the way. I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Patrick Luk for the opportunity to carry out this research project. I am indeed fortunate to have had him as my undergraduate lecturer and project supervisor many years ago and then the privilege of his insightful supervision for this work. The trust, support and ‘the freedom to create’ that he has provided throughout the project is very much appreciated. It is often said that in life, you will come across very few people that will take a chance on you and give you an opportunity to change your direction in life. Dr. Luk has taken such a chance, and I thank him for this. A special thank you goes out to Dr. John Economou for the many brainstorming sessions as well as the leisurely chats we had. I am most grateful for the encouragement and support he gave me in writing my first conference paper. The subsequent intimidating experience of presenting that paper for a large military audience was somewhat lessened knowing that Dr. Economou was also there to back me up if the audience decided to use me as ‘target practice’. I wish to also thank Professor Brian White for his many insightful recommendations and his continuous support throughout my research. My sincere appreciation for the tremendous support provided by Cranfield University’s technical staff. A special thanks to Barry Grey, Chris Ransom, Colin Offer, Stuart Carter, Stacey Paget, Barry Luffman, Alan Norris, Chris Bland, Tony Low and all workshop staff. Thanks to you folks, everything I build from now on has to be of a ‘proper-job’ calibre. The postgraduate centre would not have been the same without Mr. John Reynolds to keep us all sane. I will certainly have fond memories of ‘wind-up Wednesdays’. And where would we be without fellow student Michael Gibson to rescue us when our computers crash. It was also a pleasure to make the acquaintance of all the other research students at Heaviside Labs. My heartfelt appreciation goes out to my parents, parents in-law, my two brothers, sister inlaws and my nephews, Jason and Kevin. A special thank you to my Mum for allowing me to experiment with electricity as a little boy even though she would have preferred if I had expressed an ounce of interest in biology, and to my Dad for fuelling my interest to understand how things work and for teaching me the art of transforming imagination into something real. I am an extension of both of them, and proud of it. As an expression of my faith and appreciation of everything in my life, El shaddai, El shaddai, El-elyon na adonia Erkamka na adonai Finally, To my loving wife Vanessa, for tolerating my eccentric ways the past three years, and for agreeing to stand by me till the end of time… ii
Page 1: Power and Energy Management of Mult
Page 5 and 6: Nomenclature Notation Description U
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations Batt (batt) Battery D
Page 9 and 10: Contents 3.19 Ultracapacitor Power
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 6.3 Power de
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 more than a century since
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 EV Charge Depleting Energ
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 1745 Invention of the cap
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 generated, and split betw
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 In the past, many researc
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 1.7 Contributions This th
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 7. As the hybridisation o
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1 1.9 Publications The foll
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVI
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 in the area or power and
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 Power Load Demand Time Po
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 previewed information abo
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 generally used. They are,
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 the large capacitive phen
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 manufacturer. Throughout
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 energy density attributes
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 experimentally verified a
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 2 Propulsion Load Batteries
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 2 system. They compared the
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 2 2.6 Ultracapacitor augmen
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 2 2.8 Observations and Hypo
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 2 Literature concerning veh
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 2 philosophical concepts fo
Page 63 and 64:
Chapter 3 3.1 EV Battery Systems In
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 3 The equivalent circuit lo
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 3 merits, some of these tec
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3 where 1Ah = 3600C. The Ah
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3 same state of charge. As
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 3 The state of discharge (S
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 3 provided by the battery m
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 3 Figure 3.5 illustrates an
Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 3 where Voc[SoC] and Ri[SoC
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 3 Power(Watt) 4000 3500 300
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 3 Batt Voltage (V) Charging
Page 85 and 86:
Chapter 3 Voc Voc Ri Ri R chg R chg
Page 87 and 88:
Chapter 3 Description [Unit] Parame
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3 3.17 Ultracapacitors Ultr
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 3 voltage on charge and a d
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 3 As with the battery model
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3 The energy capacity, E of
Page 97 and 98:
Chapter 3 3.20 Ultracapacitors in s
Page 99 and 100:
Chapter 3 Voltage (V) Time (s) 92 p
Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 3 3.21 Hybridisation of Bat
Page 103 and 104:
Chapter 3 83.50 50.00 Current (A) 0
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 3 In section 3.11, it was s
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 4 4.1 Vehicle Longitudinal
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 4 where sgn[vxT] is a the s
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 4 P Load dP Load /dt > 0 P
Page 113 and 114:
Chapter 4 braking energy. Regenerat
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 4 Angular Velocity (rad/s)
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 4 electrical terminal power
Page 119 and 120:
Chapter 4 112 Type 1 -Energy Sytem
Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
Page 123 and 124:
Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 2 Battery
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 3 Battery
Page 129 and 130:
Chapter 4 Energy (J) Energy (J) DIS
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 4 occur more frequently bef
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 THE MANAGEMENT
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 5 Under the directives and
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 5 Hierarchy Mid-Level Low-L
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 5 While the breadth of the
Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 5 The complete modular stru
Page 143 and 144:
Chapter 5 conceive and implement. T
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 5 where, P req is the reque
Page 147 and 148:
Chapter 5 Max Velocity Mode [Run,Id
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 5 decision epoch window (
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 5 P uc max Power 0 ∆PMS t
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 5 (W) (W) (W) Figure 5.11 L
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 5 An important difference w
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 5 IF x1 is Ai1 AND x2 is Ai
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 5 In this strategy, only P
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 5 to a fixed PMS policy. As
Page 163 and 164:
Chapter 5 P DCBUS 000 dP/dt >0 P>0
Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 5 For a PES with two refere
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 5 Thus the connection matri
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 5 5.12 Summary The foundati
Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 6 6.1 The experimental vehi
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 6 Power (W) / Energy (Wh) P
Page 175 and 176:
Chapter 6 System Voltage Measuremen
Page 177 and 178:
Chapter 6 Velocity (km/h) 60 50 40
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 7 Battery C batt L batt T1
Page 183 and 184:
Chapter 7 Parameter Notation Values
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter 7 During the conduction per
Page 187 and 188:
Chapter 7 Design and sizing of the
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 7 7.6 Battery Buck Mode - C
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 7 L batt = ( Vout )( 1 DT1
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 7 7.7 Ultracapacitor Boost
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 7 1 ⇒ ⋅ 0. 67 20kHz whi
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 7 L uc Vout DT 4 ( 1− DT
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 7 20 D T 3 min = = 0. 31 (7
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 7 A similar value for the i
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 7 the inductor current (20k
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 7 The maximum current that
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 7 According to Arnet and Ha
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 7 The second dimensioning f
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 7 + - 2200uF Figure 7.11 Sc
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 7 During the MOSFET diode c
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTS AND
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 8 Segment 1 Battery Current
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 8 Discussion: From the 600-
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 8 Results: Figure 8.5 shows
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 8 Discussion: The top graph
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 8 8.3. Experiment 3: Power
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 8 Test Segment 1 Power (W)
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 8 Test Segment 3 Power (W)
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 8 Discussion: Results of th
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 8 Battery Voltage (V) Batte
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 8 8.4. PES Type Test Purpos
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 8 Current (A) Boolean PWM s
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 9 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 9 The M-PEMS framework does
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 9 between sources. Doing so
Page 245 and 246:
Chapter 9 to be included in measuri
Page 247 and 248:
References [15] R. H. Staunton, C.
Page 249 and 250:
References [43] B. E. Conway, Elect
Page 251 and 252:
References [73] A. Drolia, P. Jose,
Page 253 and 254:
References [101] E. Surewaard, E. K
Page 255 and 256:
Appendices Appendix A: Schematics A
Page 257 and 258:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID TB1 Fuse Fuse Fu
Page 259 and 260:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Bus Bars φ = φ =
Page 261 and 262:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID A B D B C D E F
Page 263 and 264:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID L batt L UC K1 B
Page 265 and 266:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
Page 267 and 268:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID B C D E F G H I
Page 269 and 270:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
Page 271 and 272:
Minimum Duty Cycle Maximum Duty Cyc
Page 273 and 274:
Type Test- 03 Type testing of the g
Page 275 and 276:
Power, interfacing and sub control
show all

PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?