PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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References [59] E. Ozatay, B. Zile, J. Anstrom, and S. Brennan., "Power distribution control coordinating ultracapacitors and batteries for electric vehicles," presented at Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 2004. [60] M. Okamura, "Energy Capacitor System - Part 1 & Part 2," presented at The 11th international seminar on double layer capacitors and similar energy storage devices, 2001. [61] R. L. Spyker and R. M. Nelms, "Predicting capacitor run time for a battery-capacitor hybrid source," presented at Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, 1998. [62] L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, and S. Liu, "Power enhancement of an actively controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 20, pp. 236-243, 2005. [63] L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, and S. Liu, "Active Power Sharing in Hybrid Battery/Capacitor Power Sources," presented at Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '03, 2003. [64] X. Yan and D. Patterson, "Improvement of Drive Range, Acceleration and Deceleration Performance In an Electric Vehicle Propulsion System," presented at 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1999. [65] P. H. Mellor, N. Schofield, and D.Howe, "Flywhell and supercapacitor peak power buffer technology," presented at IEE Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2000. [66] M. Steiner and J. Scholten, "Energy Storage on board of DC fed railway vehicles," presented at IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. [67] J. W. Dixon, M. Ortuzar, and E. Wiechmann, "Regenerative Braking for an Electric Vehicle Using Ultracapacitors and a Buck-Boost Converter," presented at 17th Electric Vehicle Symposium, Montreal, Canada, 13-18 October 2000., 2000. [68] J. W. Dixon and M. E. Ortuzar, "Ultracapacitors + DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system," IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Systems, vol. 17, pp. 16-21, 2002. [69] T. Markel, A. Brooker, T. Hendricks, V. Johnson, K. Kelly, B. Kramer, M. O'Keefe, S. Sprik, and K. Wipke, "ADVISOR: a systems analysis tool for advanced vehicle modeling," ELSEVIER Journal of Power Sources, vol. 110, pp. 1255-1266, 2002. [70] B. J. Arnet and L. P. Haines, "High Power DC-to-DC Converter For Supercapacitors," presented at IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, IEMDC 2001, 2001. [71] S. Pay and Y. Baghzouz, "Effectiveness of Battery-Supercapacitor Combination in electric Vehicles," presented at IEEE Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003. [72] R. M. Schupbach and J. C. Balda, "Comparing DC-DC Converters for Power Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," presented at IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. 243
References [73] A. Drolia, P. Jose, and N. Mohan, "An Approach to Connect Ultracapacitors to Fuel Cell Powered Electric Vehicle and Emulating Fuel Cell Electrical Characteristics using Switched Mode Converter," presented at The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. [74] A. Ohkawa, "Electric Power Control System for a Fuel Cell Vehicle Employing Electric Double-Layer Capacitor," SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-01-1006, 2004. [75] H.-J. Chiu and L.-W. Lin, "A bidirectional DC-DC converter for fuel cell electric vehicle driving system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 21, pp. 950-958, 2006. [76] M. H. Todorovic, L. Palma, and P. Enjeti, "Design of a wide input range DC-DC converter with a robust power control scheme suitable for fuel cell power conversion," presented at IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '04., 2004. [77] A. H. Weinberg, "A Boost Regulator With A New Energy-Transfer Principle," presented at Proceedings of the Spacecraft Power Conversion Electronics Seminar, 1974. [78] E. J. Cegnar, H. L. Hess, and B. K.Johnson, "A Purely Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Utilizing a Microcontroller-Based DC-DC Boost Converter," presented at IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '04, 2004. [79] A. Farkas and R. Bonert, "Ultracapacitors as Sole Energy Storage Devices in Hybrid Electric Cars?" presented at Power Electronics in Transportation, 1994. [80] R. M. Schupbach, J.Balda, M. Zolot, and B. Kramer, "Design Methodology of a Combined Battery-Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Unit for Vehicle Power Management," presented at IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist, 2003. [81] TOMLAB, "Optimisation Environment. http://tomopt.com/tomlab/. Accessed Nov.2006." [82] D. Linzen, S. Buller, E. Karden, and R. W. D. Donckner, "Analysis and Evaluation of Charge Balancing Circuits on Performance, Reliability and Lifetime of Supercapacitor Systems," presented at Conference Record of the Industry Applications Conference, 2003. 38th IAS Annual Meeting, 2003. [83] P. Barrade, S. Pittet, and A. Rufer, "Energy Storage system using a series connection of Supercapacitors, with an active device for equalising the voltages," Laboratoire d'Electronique Inductrielle, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne 2000. [84] P. Barrade, "Series Connection of Supercapacitors: Comparative Study of Solutions for the Active equalization of the Voltages," presented at International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Electric Machines, Converters and Systems, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada. source: http://leiwww.epfl.ch, 2002. [85] J. M. Miller and M. Everett, "Vehicle electrical system power budget optimization using ultra-capacitor distribution modules," presented at IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 2004. 244
Page 1 and 2:
Power and Energy Management of Mult
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Acknowledgements This journey would
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Nomenclature Notation Description U
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Abbreviations Batt (batt) Battery D
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Contents 3.19 Ultracapacitor Power
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Figures Figure 6.3 Power de
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1 more than a century since
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Chapter 1 EV Charge Depleting Energ
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Chapter 1 1745 Invention of the cap
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Chapter 1 generated, and split betw
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Chapter 1 In the past, many researc
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Chapter 1 1.7 Contributions This th
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Chapter 1 7. As the hybridisation o
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Chapter 1 1.9 Publications The foll
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Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVI
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Chapter 2 in the area or power and
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Chapter 2 Power Load Demand Time Po
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Chapter 2 previewed information abo
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Chapter 2 generally used. They are,
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Chapter 2 the large capacitive phen
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Chapter 2 manufacturer. Throughout
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Chapter 2 energy density attributes
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Chapter 2 experimentally verified a
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Chapter 2 Propulsion Load Batteries
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Chapter 2 system. They compared the
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Chapter 2 2.6 Ultracapacitor augmen
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Chapter 2 2.8 Observations and Hypo
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Chapter 2 Literature concerning veh
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Chapter 2 philosophical concepts fo
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Chapter 3 3.1 EV Battery Systems In
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Chapter 3 The equivalent circuit lo
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Chapter 3 merits, some of these tec
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Chapter 3 where 1Ah = 3600C. The Ah
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Chapter 3 same state of charge. As
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Chapter 3 The state of discharge (S
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Chapter 3 provided by the battery m
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.5 illustrates an
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Chapter 3 where Voc[SoC] and Ri[SoC
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Chapter 3 Power(Watt) 4000 3500 300
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Chapter 3 Batt Voltage (V) Charging
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Chapter 3 Voc Voc Ri Ri R chg R chg
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Chapter 3 Description [Unit] Parame
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Chapter 3 3.17 Ultracapacitors Ultr
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Chapter 3 voltage on charge and a d
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Chapter 3 As with the battery model
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Chapter 3 The energy capacity, E of
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Chapter 3 3.20 Ultracapacitors in s
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Chapter 3 Voltage (V) Time (s) 92 p
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Chapter 3 3.21 Hybridisation of Bat
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Chapter 3 83.50 50.00 Current (A) 0
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Chapter 3 In section 3.11, it was s
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Chapter 4 4.1 Vehicle Longitudinal
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Chapter 4 where sgn[vxT] is a the s
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Chapter 4 P Load dP Load /dt > 0 P
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Chapter 4 braking energy. Regenerat
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Chapter 4 Angular Velocity (rad/s)
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Chapter 4 electrical terminal power
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Chapter 4 112 Type 1 -Energy Sytem
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Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 2 Battery
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Chapter 4 Battery Power (W) Profile
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) CASE 3 Battery
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Chapter 4 Energy (J) Energy (J) DIS
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Chapter 4 occur more frequently bef
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 THE MANAGEMENT
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Chapter 5 Under the directives and
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Chapter 5 Hierarchy Mid-Level Low-L
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Chapter 5 While the breadth of the
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Chapter 5 The complete modular stru
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Chapter 5 conceive and implement. T
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Chapter 5 where, P req is the reque
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Chapter 5 Max Velocity Mode [Run,Id
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Chapter 5 decision epoch window (
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Chapter 5 P uc max Power 0 ∆PMS t
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Chapter 5 (W) (W) (W) Figure 5.11 L
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Chapter 5 An important difference w
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Chapter 5 IF x1 is Ai1 AND x2 is Ai
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Chapter 5 In this strategy, only P
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Chapter 5 to a fixed PMS policy. As
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Chapter 5 P DCBUS 000 dP/dt >0 P>0
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Chapter 5 For a PES with two refere
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Chapter 5 Thus the connection matri
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Chapter 5 5.12 Summary The foundati
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Chapter 6 6.1 The experimental vehi
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Chapter 6 Power (W) / Energy (Wh) P
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Chapter 6 System Voltage Measuremen
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Chapter 6 Velocity (km/h) 60 50 40
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION
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Chapter 7 Battery C batt L batt T1
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Chapter 7 Parameter Notation Values
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Chapter 7 During the conduction per
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Chapter 7 Design and sizing of the
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Chapter 7 7.6 Battery Buck Mode - C
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Chapter 7 L batt = ( Vout )( 1 DT1
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Chapter 7 7.7 Ultracapacitor Boost
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Chapter 7 1 ⇒ ⋅ 0. 67 20kHz whi
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Chapter 7 L uc Vout DT 4 ( 1− DT
Page 199 and 200: Chapter 7 20 D T 3 min = = 0. 31 (7
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 7 A similar value for the i
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 7 the inductor current (20k
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 7 The maximum current that
Page 207 and 208: Chapter 7 According to Arnet and Ha
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 7 The second dimensioning f
Page 211 and 212: Chapter 7 + - 2200uF Figure 7.11 Sc
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 7 During the MOSFET diode c
Page 215 and 216: Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 EXPERIMENTS AND
Page 217 and 218: Chapter 8 Segment 1 Battery Current
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Page 221 and 222: Chapter 8 Results: Figure 8.5 shows
Page 223 and 224: Chapter 8 Discussion: The top graph
Page 225 and 226: Chapter 8 8.3. Experiment 3: Power
Page 227 and 228: Chapter 8 Test Segment 1 Power (W)
Page 229 and 230: Chapter 8 Test Segment 3 Power (W)
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 8 Discussion: Results of th
Page 233 and 234: Chapter 8 Battery Voltage (V) Batte
Page 235 and 236: Chapter 8 8.4. PES Type Test Purpos
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 8 Current (A) Boolean PWM s
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 9 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND
Page 241 and 242: Chapter 9 The M-PEMS framework does
Page 243 and 244: Chapter 9 between sources. Doing so
Page 245 and 246: Chapter 9 to be included in measuri
Page 247 and 248: References [15] R. H. Staunton, C.
Page 249: References [43] B. E. Conway, Elect
Page 253 and 254: References [101] E. Surewaard, E. K
Page 255 and 256: Appendices Appendix A: Schematics A
Page 257 and 258: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID TB1 Fuse Fuse Fu
Page 259 and 260: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Bus Bars φ = φ =
Page 261 and 262: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID A B D B C D E F
Page 263 and 264: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID L batt L UC K1 B
Page 265 and 266: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
Page 267 and 268: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID B C D E F G H I
Page 269 and 270: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A ID START STOP START
Page 271 and 272: Minimum Duty Cycle Maximum Duty Cyc
Page 273 and 274: Type Test- 03 Type testing of the g
Page 275 and 276: Power, interfacing and sub control
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PhD Thesis - Cranfield University

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