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Computers at War: Kuwait 1991 Chapter Two Large computers are still running the overall show. —Business Week Staff (1991c, p. 42) I couldn't have done it without the computers. —Attributed to Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf on TV There is no war, then, without representation, no sophisticated weaponry without psychological mystification. Weapons are tools not just of destruction but also of perception. —PaulVirilio(l990}p.6) We give special thanks to Mr. Bush and all the allies: the British, the French, the Egyptians, CNN. —Kuwaiti man (San Jose Mercury News, February 28, 1991) TVs over Baghdad During the Kuwait war 1 the most amazing pictures were on television: bombs-eye views of trucks, bunkers, bridges, and runways were shown again and again. But other images captured by this same technology—videos of scared men running from machines and dying by machines—were censored. One reporter who managed to see some forbidden gun camera film from Apache helicopter raids said the Iraqi soldiers were like ghostly sheep flushed from a pen—bewildered and terrified, jarred from sleep and fleeing their bunkers under a hellish fire. One by one, they were cut down by attackers they could not see ... blown to bits by bursts of 30mm exploding cannon shells. 2 (Balzar, 1991) [ 36 ]
Computers at War: Kuwait 1991 [ 37 ] The commander of Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 3 H. Norman Schwarzkopf, called it "technology war" (Business Week Staff, 1991a, p. 38). Certainly for the U.S. forces it was often a technology-mediated experience with little danger for most. According to one incredible statistic it was more dangerous to be a young man back in the United States, with its automobile accidents and urban murders, than to be serving in Desert Storm! According to Prof. Charles Lave of the University of California, Berkeley, almost 300 U.S. soldiers had their lives saved by their service in Desert Shield and Storm (Garchik, 1991, p. A8). For Iraqis it was quite a different matter: hundreds of thousands dead and the killing continued as civil war into the spring and summer. 4 It was a war notable for its paradoxes and its intense mediation, and so it makes a fine case study of postmodern war. Politics Is "War by Other Means" Kuwait as a Postmodern War Michel Foucault argued that today politics is war "continued by other means" in a system that is "the continuation of war" with an "end result [that] can only be ... war" (1977, p. 244). Both President George Bush and President Saddam Hussein saw politics as war by other means during their conflict. Bush performed prodigious political feats simply to get war approved by the UN and the U.S. Congress and to prevent peace from breaking out. Saddam's foreign policy (toward Iran, Kuwait, and Israel) and much of his domestic policy (especially toward the Kurds and Shiites) is always war or threats of war. Saddam's invasion of Kuwait led to Bush's war, which in turn resulted in Iraqi civil wars. Wars breed wars. The chain goes even further back. The United States built up Iran as a subimperial power, but it became a fearful enemy after the Iranian revolution. So the United States had to build up Iraq and support its attack on Iran to balance the region. Then Iraq became the fearful enemy. Policy breeds wars. There are other implications to the politics-war symbiosis. Many wars since 1945 have been neocolonial. The Gulf War seems like the colonial wars of the nineteenth century where a few hundred British troops with modern ships and machine guns killed tens of thousands of natives in order to make their land a protectorate or to clear them from valuable real estate. So is it a surprise that President Bush, with a move that could have been made by the British when they played the Great Game to preserve that region's balance of power, prevented the destruction of Saddam's regime, which just days before Bush had been equating to that of Hitler (Gordon and Trainor, 1995)? No doubt Bush would have preferred it if Saddam had been overthrown and replaced by someone else. But the important considerations were that
Page 3 and 4: POSTMODERN WAR
Page 5 and 6: POSTMODERN WAR THE NEW POLITICS OF
Page 7: To Carl Harp, cofounder of Men Agai
Page 10 and 11: [ vijj ] Preface them. I was fortun
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION From Sarejevo
Page 15 and 16: Introduction: From Sarajevo to Sara
Page 17 and 18: Introduction [ 3 ] • Within the n
Page 19 and 20: Introduction [ 5 ] Theirs is a hybr
Page 21 and 22: Introduction [ 7 ] fighter-bombers
Page 23 and 24: Introduction [ 9 ] written, "She wh
Page 25: Part One The Present
Page 28 and 29: Only a test: Israeli students wear
Page 30 and 31: The normalization of unspeakable ho
Page 33 and 34: Real Cyberwar Chapter One Resistanc
Page 35 and 36: Real Cyberwar [ 21 ] Just what is h
Page 37 and 38: Real Cyberwar [ 23 ] (1971, p. 244)
Page 39 and 40: Real Cyberwar [ 25 ] the computer a
Page 41 and 42: Real Cyberwar [ 27 ] Benjamin Barbe
Page 43 and 44: Real Cyberwar [ 29 ] Space systems
Page 45 and 46: Real Cyberwar [ 31 ] were sent to t
Page 47 and 48: Real Cyberwar [ 33 ] there has been
Page 49: Real Cyberwar [ 35 ] Command, was s
Page 53 and 54: Computers at War: Kuwait 1991 [ 39
Page 65 and 66: Iitary Computerdom Chapter Three Ou
Page 67 and 68: Military Computerdom [ 53 ] Germany
Page 69 and 70: Military Computerdom [ 55 ] remarka
Page 71 and 72: Military Computerdom [ 57 ] access
Page 73 and 74: Military Computerdom [ 59 ] Intelli
Page 75 and 76: Military Computerdom [ 61 ] will be
Page 77 and 78: Military Computerdom [ 63 ] and urg
Page 79 and 80: Military Computerdom [ 65 ] was no
Page 81 and 82: Military Computerdom [ 67 ] was ser
Page 83 and 84: Military Computerdom [ 69 ] The rea
Page 85 and 86: Definitions of Artificial Intellige
Page 87 and 88: The Uses of Science [ 73 ] In the m
Page 89 and 90: The Uses of Science [ 75 ] advocate
Page 91 and 92: The Uses of Science [ 77 ] abolishe
Page 93 and 94: The Uses of Science [ 79 ] nections
Page 95 and 96: The Uses of Science [ 81 ] Science
Page 97: Part Two The Past
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TOKYO CITY DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT
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• •-•• jr w~ 4• F.I : w-
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The human face of war. Modern and p
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War meets nature. This is the culmi
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[ 94 ] The Past ancient and modern
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[ 96 ] The Past (Scarry, 1985). Wea
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[ 98 ] The Past Power, Knowledge, a
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[ 100 ] The Past The Gendering of W
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[ 102 ] The Past institutions that
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[ 104 ] The Past "sexo-semiotics" o
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[ 106 ] The Past • War because hu
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[ 108 ] The Past heroes, they have
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[ 110 ] The Past Parker's book conc
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[ 112 ] The Past aimed at the compl
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[ 114 ] The Past Still, individuals
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[116] The Past of the country, but
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[ 118 ] The Past fired together, an
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[ 120 ] The Past security, the mili
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[ 122 ] The Past tion of nature bec
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[ 124 ] The Past have suffered. Per
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[ 126 ] The Past their slippers pla
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Chapter Seven The Emergence of Post
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[ 130 ] The Past necessary to trace
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[ 132 ] The Past But the appeal of
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[ 134 ] The Past an exorbitant rate
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[ 136 ] The Past By the language th
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[ 138 ] The Past large public relat
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[ 140 ] The Past crisis management.
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[ 142 ] The Past Force, authorized
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[ 144 ] The Past subjects—they al
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[ 146 ] The Past close. After much
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[ 148 ] The Past Newsletter. These
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Chapter Eight Postmodern Wars Imagi
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[ 152 ] The Past Detailed histories
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[ 154 ] The Past relations, not "se
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[ 156 ] The Past when the cost seem
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[ 158 ] The Past United States (and
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[ 160 ] The Past and the United Sta
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[ 162 ] The Past presents Technowar
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[ 164 ] The Past the role of human
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[ 166 ] The Past The story of the s
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The Systems of Postmodern War Chapt
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[ 170 ] The Past only be won politi
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[ 172 ] The Past speed of death ...
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[ 174 ] The Past the temporal, geog
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[ 176 ] The Past mines especially,
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[ 178 ] The Past Massive increases
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[ 180 ] The Past seems to fade in a
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[ 182 ] The Past perplexing and dan
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[ 184 ] The Past DIVAD (Division Ai
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00 j t MILITARY APPLICATIONS STRATE
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[ 189 ]
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Military Review The Professional Jo
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Bombers and the sacred mountain. Th
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[ 196 ] The Future whether it is of
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[ 198 ] The Future into their reduc
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[ 200 ] The Future As weaponry gets
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[ 202 ] The Future military) that w
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[ 204 ] The Future wounding, or dis
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[ 206 ] The Future are so powerful,
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[ 208 ] The Future on the search fo
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[ 210 ] The Future That there will
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Chapter Eleven Future War: U.S. Mil
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[ 214 ] The Future investment at a
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[ 216 ] The Future artificial blood
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[ 218 ] The Future Other proposals
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[ 220 ] The Future So nervous is th
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[ 222 ] The Future Navy as ship mod
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[ 224 ] The Future below. One of it
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[ 226 ] The Future The second impor
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Chapter Twelve Future Peace: The Re
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[ 230 ] The Future general evasion
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[ 232 ] The Future There have alway
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[ 234 ] The Future every sort, such
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[ 236 ] The Future fact] that scien
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[ 238 ] The Future and Brodie, 1973
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[ 240 ] The Future Air Command (Min
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[ 242 ] The Future inverting it can
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[ 244 ] The Future such as illusion
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[ 246 ] The Future the machine, bod
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[ 248 ] The Future "our side." The
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[ 250 ] The Future the human to the
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[ 252 ] The Future blatant injustic
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[ 254 ] The Future and AI in 1986,
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[ 256 ] The Future itself, whether
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[ 258 ] The Future into the Vandenb
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[ 260 ] The Future Fallows is sayin
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Notes Introduction 1. The use of ma
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[ 264 ] Notes to Chapter One milita
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[ 266 ] Notes to Chapter Three 2. F
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[ 268 ] Notes to Chapter Four proce
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[ 270 ] Notes to Chapter Seven enou
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[ 272 ] Notes to Chapter Eleven The
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Glossary AAAI American Association
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[ 276 ] Glossary JSTARS Joint Surve
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References The Past is Prologue.
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[ 280 ] References Bergen, John. (1
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[ 282 ] References Clausewitz, Gen.
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[ 284 ] References to Debates of th
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[ 286 ] References Fraser, Cmdr. Po
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[ 288 ] References Grier, Peter. (1
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[ 290 ] References Hunt, James, and
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[ 292 ] References Means, in D. Bel
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[ 294 ] References Masterson, Rear
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[ 296 ] References Nelson, Keith, a
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[ 298 ] References Renique, Gerardo
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[ 300 ] References . (1985b). Army
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[ 302 ] References Waller, Douglas,
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[ 304 ] References Second Sessions,
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[ 306 ] Index Bosnia, 2, 60 NATO, 2
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[ 308 ] Index Genocide, as war's lo
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[ 310 ] Index Mueller, John, 238 Mu
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[ 312 ] Index Soldiers (continued)
Page 328:
[ 314 ] Index War, postmodern (cont
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