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End notes
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Somaliland, 41. Sri Lanka, 42. Sudan, 43. Syria, 44.
Uganda, 45. Uzbekistan, 46. Zimbabwe
172. Conflicts over control of scarce resources such
as fertile land and water are included in this
figure along with conflicts over natural resources
including timber, minerals and oil. UNEP. (2009):
“From conflict to peacebuilding.” United Nations
Environmental Programme. http://postconflict.unep.
ch/publications/pcdmb_policy_01.pdf.
173. UNEP. (2009): “From conflict to peacebuilding.” United
Nations Environmental Programme. http://postconflict.
unep.ch/publications/pcdmb_policy_01.pdf.
174. CDC. (2009): “Notice to Readers: World Water Day.”
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March
22. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
mm5810a5.htm.
175. Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N., and Theisen, O. (2008):
“Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict.” The
World Bank Group, Social Development Department.
176. UNDP. (2006): “Spectre of ‘water wars’ distracts from
urgent need for cross-border cooperation.” United
Nations Development Programme.
177. Haag, A.L. (2005): “Checking earth’s vital signs.”
NASA Earth System Science Data and Services,
October 12. http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/
articles/2005/2005_mea.html.
178. In 1951 a violent feud erupted between the Amhaz
and the Tawk, leading Muslim and Christian families in
the area over water diversion.
179. IRIN. (2009): “Lebanon: Climate change and politics
threaten water wars in Bekaa.” Integrated Regional
Information Networks, April 1. http://www.irinnews.
org/Report.aspx?ReportId=82682.
180. According to Randa Massad, an irrigation expert at
the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute.
181. The Himalayan glaciers are the largest body of ice
outside the Polar ice caps, occupying approximately
500,000 square kilometres.
182. Cruz, R.V., et al. (2007): “Asia.” Climate Change 2007:
Impacts, Adaptations and Vulnerability, Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
M.L. Parry, et al. Eds., Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK,469-506, p493.
183. Ellis, L. (2008): “Climate Change, Water, and the
Himalayas.” Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.
cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.event_
summary&event_id=479527.
184. Schild, A. (2008): “ICIMOD’s Position on Climate
Change and Mountain Systems: The Case of the
Hindu Kush-Himalayas.” International Centre for
Integrated Mountain Development.
185. Maplecroft’s Climate Change Vulnerability Indicator
(CCVI): Quantification at sub-national level.
‘Vulnerability’ is defined as a combination of factors
that influence the capacity of individuals, communities,
economies and societies to reduce the risks from
changes in patterns of natural hazards and impacts
on ecosystem services as a result of climate change.
The CCVI constitutes of six factors: economy; natural
resources and ecosystems; poverty, development
and health; agriculture; population, settlement and
infrastructure; and institutions, governance and social
capital. A sub-index was developed for each group
and these were combined to form the CCVI. The
natural resources and ecosystems and agriculture
sub-indices are weighted twice as heavily as the
others. The index values range from 0 to 10, where 0
equals highest risk and 10 equals lowest risk. For the
purposes of this analysis, we have defined ‘vulnerable’
countries as those with a mean CCVI of 5 or less and
‘extremely vulnerable’ countries as those with a mean
CCVI of 2.5 or less.
186. Friedman, T.L. (2008): Hot, Flat and Crowded -Why
We Need a Green Revolution - And How it Can Renew
America. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, p.158.
187. McCarthy, M. (2008): “Why Canada is the best
haven from climate change.” UK Independent. July 4.
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climatechange/why-canada-is-the-best-haven-from-climatechange-860001.html.